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FLUID STATICS

By: A.SAMAD MEMON

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
JAMSHORO. 2
Shear Forces Normal Forces
(pressure)

where F is a force normal to area A

 Pressure Transmission

Hydraulic Lift
Figure 3.2 (p. 32)

In a closed system, pressure changes from one point

are transmitted throughout the entire system
(Pascal’s Law).
Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure, and Vacuum

Figure 3.3 (p. 34)

Example of
pressure relations

• Pressure in a vacuum is p = 0.
• Absolute pressure is referenced to perfect vacuum.
• Gage pressure is referenced to another pressure,
typically atmospheric pressure (most gages measure
relative pressures).
 Pressure Measurements

Figure 3.7 (p. 42)

Figure 3.6 (p. 41) U-tube manometer
Piezometer or
simple manometer Better for higher pressures.
Possible to measure pressure
in gases.
Find pressure at center of pipe:

Can start either at open end

or inside pipe.

Here we start at open end:

p at Change Change p in
open in p from in p from pipe
end 1 to 2 3 to 4
 Differential Manometer

Figure 3.8 (p. 44)

Used for measuring pressure differences between

points along a pipe.
 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

The white area AB

in the figure is a
plane of irregular
shape.
Line A-B is an edge
view of that area.

What is the net force

due to pressure
acting on the sloping
plane AB?

First, note that hydrostatic pressure increases along y as

(since y is not vertical)
This figure is absolutely
awful

Line AB represents the

true location of the
surface.

The white surface is not

drawn in its actual
location.

Line 0-0 is horizontal; the white area has been rotated about
axis A-B from its proper location. In other words, the apparent
depth of the white area within the fluid is not as it appears.
 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

We could integrate the vector forces along segment AB, but it

is often easier to find equivalent forces on a free body as
illustrated above.
FAC acts at the center of pressure as from previous section,
FCB acts at centroid of area CB, and W acts at the center of
mass of the free body ABC.
 Example 3.14:

Find magnitude and line of

action of equivalent force F.

Force balance in x and y:

The line of action of the horizontal force is

Where we just read directly off the figure.

The line of action for the vertical force can be found by

summing the moments about C (or any other point…)

(notice that we could add a constant to every x-coordinate

since )
 From Appendix p. A-5 (Figure A.1):

Distance from C to centroid is:

So that xcp is found to be

The complete result is summarized below:
Buoyancy, Flotation and Stability
• When a stationary body is completely
submerged in a fluid, or floating
(partially submerged), the resultant
fluid force on the body is the buoyant
force.
• A net upward force results because
• Buoyant force has a magnitude equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by
body and is directed vertically upward.
• Archimedes’ principle (287-212 BC)
 FB  F2  F1  W
F2  F1   (h2  h1 ) A

FB  (h2  h1 ) A  (h2  h1 ) A  V ]
FB  V
FB y  F2 y1  F1 y1  wy2

Buoyant force passes through the centroid of the displaced

volume
Figure 2.24 (p. 70)
Buoyant force on submerged and floating bodies.
 Example 1

A spherical buoys has a diameter of 1.5 m, weighs 8.50 kN

and is anchored to the seafloor with a cable. What is the
tension on the cable when the buoy is completely immersed?
 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies
• Centers of buoyancy and gravity do not coincide
• A small rotation can result in either a restoring or overturning
couple.
• Stability is important for floating bodies
 Stability of an immersed body

Stability of a completely Stability of a completely

immersed body – center immersed body – center of
of gravity below entroid. gravity above centroid.
Stability of a floating body
Stability of Floating Bodies
• If body is bottom heavy (G
lower than B), it is always
stable.
• Floating bodies can be
stable when G is higher than
B due to shift in location of
center buoyancy and
creation of restoring
moment.
• Measure of stability is the
metacentric height GM. If
GM>1, ship is stable.
 Stability of Immersed Bodies

• Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon relative

location of center of gravity G and center of buoyancy B.
– G below B: stable
– G above B: unstable
– G coincides with B: neutrally stable.
Stability &
Buoyancy
 Objectives
• Principles of Stability
• Archimedes Principle
• Terminology of ship’s hydrostatics
• Stability & moments -> staying upright
• Metacenter, Center of Gravity, Center of
Buoyancy, etc.
• Stability curves
 Principles of Stability
• Floating object is acted on by forces of gravity and
forces of buoyancy
– Static equilibrium SFi = 0
• Three conditions of static equilibrium:
– Stable: return to same position if tipped
– Neutral: when rotated, will come to rest in any position
– Unstable: will come to rest in new position if force acts
on it
• Archimedes Principle
Law: a body floating or submerged in a
fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the water it displaces
• Depth to which ship sinks depends on
density of water (r = 1 ton/35ft3 seawater)
• Archimedes Principle
Ship sinks until weight of water displaced
by the underwater volume is equal to the
weight of the ship
– Forces of gravity: G = mshipg =Wship
– Forces of buoyancy: B = rwaterVdisplaced

Wship = rwaterVdisplaced
 Archimedes Principle
• Forces act everywhere on ship -> too tough
to analyze
• Center of Gravity (G): all gravity forces as
one force acting downward through ship’s
geometric center
• Center of Buoyancy (B): all buoyancy
forces as one force acting upward through
underwater geometric center
 Archimedes
• Center Principle
of Gravity (G):
– Changes position only by change/shift in mass
of ship
– Does not change position with movement of
ship
• Center of Buoyancy (B):
– Changes positionG with movement of ship ->
underwater geometric center moves
– Also affected by displacement
 Hydrostatics Terminology
• Displacement: total weight of ship = total
submerged volume of ship (measured in tons)
• Draft: vertical distance from waterline to keel at
deepest point (measured in feet)
• Reserve Buoyancy: volume of watertight portion of
ship above waterline (important factor in ship’s
ability to survive flooding)
• Freeboard: vertical distance from waterline to main
deck (rough indication of reserve buoyancy)
 Hydrostatics Terminology

• As draft & displacement increase, freeboard

and reserve buoyancy decrease
 Moments
• Def’n: tendency of a force to produce
rotation or to move an object about an axis
– Distance between the force and axis of rotation
is the moment arm
• Couple: two forces of equal magnitude in
opposite and parallel directions, separated
by a perpendicular distance
– G and B are a couple
 Moments
• Depending on location of G
and B, two types of moments:
– Righting moment: tends to
return ship to upright position
– Upsetting moment: tends to
overturn ship
• Magnitude of righting
moment:
– RM = W * GZ (ft-tons)
– GZ: moment arm (ft)
 Metacenter
• Def’n: the intersection
of two successive lines
of action of the force of
buoyancy as ship heels
through small angles
(M)
– If angle too large, M
moves off centerline
• Metacenter
Metacentric Height
(GM)
– Determines size of
righting/upsetting arm
(for angles < 7o)
GZ = GM*sinf
– Large GM -> large
righting arm (stiff)
– Small GM -> small
righting arm (tender)
•
Metacenter
Relationship between G and M
– G under M: ship is stable
– G = M: ship neutral
– G over M: ship unstable

STABLE UNSTABLE
Metacenter v. Stability Curves
• At this point, we could use lots of
trigonometry to determine exact values of
forces, etc for all angles -> too much work
• GM used as a measure of stability up to
7°, after that values of GZ are plotted at
successive angles to create the stability
curve
Stability Curve
 Stability Curve
• Plot GZ (righting arm) vs. angle of heel
– Ship’s G does not change as angle changes
– Ship’s B always at center of underwater portion of hull
– Ship’s underwater portion of hull changes as heel angle
changes
– GZ changes as angle changes
 ‫ﺍﷲ ﻮﺍﻫﻲ‬

THANK YOU

Questions are invited

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