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Genetik
Faktor
Genetik
Kelainan
jumlah
kromoson
Kelainan
genetik pada
DNA
Abnormal Chromosome Number
Pairs of homologous
chromosomes do not
Nondisjunction
separate normally
Meiosis II
during meiosis
Gametes contain two
copies or no copies of a Nondisjunction
(a) (b)
Nondisjunction of homologous Nondisjunction of sister
chromosomes in meiosis I chromatids in meiosis II
Aneuploidy
◦ Results from the fertilization of gametes
in which nondisjunction occurred
◦ Is a condition in which offspring have an
abnormal number of a particular
chromosome
◦ If a zygote is trisomic, it has three
copies of a particular chromosome
◦ If a zygote is monosomic, it has only
one copy of a particular chromosome
Trisomic
• Down syndrome is
usually the result of
an extra
chromosome 21
(trisomy 21)
• Klinefelter syndrome
is the result of an
extra chromosome in
a male, producing
XXY individuals
Monosomic
• Turner syndrome :
– is the result of monosomy X, producing an X0
karyotype
Abnormal DNA code (gene)
– slight change in
amino acid
sequence can affect
protein’s structure
& it’s function
• even just one amino
acid change can
make all the
difference!!!
Sickle cell anemia
Malformasi
Deformasi
Disrupsi
Displasia
Malformasi
disebabkan oleh kegagalan atau
ketidaksempurnaan proses embriogenesis
Perkembangan awal dari suatu jaringan atau organ
tersebut berhenti,melambat atau menyimpang
sehingga menyebabkanterjadinya suatu kelainan
struktur yang menetap.
Deformasi