resources

consumption
• Poverty reduction
• Energy sources
• Changing diet in poor countries
• Water availability
• Ecological footprint
• Growth of the Middle class
• Relationship between population size
and consumption
• Changes in international footprint
 Introduction
• The world`s richest countries /20%/ use 77% of world resources
• At the same time 20% of the poorest use only 1.5%!
 Ecological footprints
• Indicator was found in 1992
• Idea of an ecological footprint includes measuring natural
resource consumption and how it varies between countries and
how it changes over time
• Relationship between the natural environment and population
• There are six components of EF: built-up land, fishing land,
forest, grazing land, agricultural and carbon print
• EF is measured by Global Hectares /it is a hectare with
average ability to produce resources/
• In 2005 it was 27.5 billion of global hectare
 Ecological footprints
• Factors use to full ecological footrprints calculation

• Bioproductive, currently use land, farmalnd, agrden etc

• Bioproductive sea, sea area used for humans
• Energy land
• Built land, roads, buildings etc
• Biodiversity land, support of all non human species
• Non-productive land, deserts, forests, etc
 Ecological footprints
• Reducing EF

• New technologies
• Intesify of land use, GMO food
• Reducing population
• Less waste, transport to another country
• Reducing pollution
• Improving the efficiency of resources use
• Recycling
• Reusing
• Reducing usage of resources
 Ecological footprint
• EF can increase by

• Meat rich diet

• Large per capita consumption of food
• Large production of carbon dioxide
• Develping of transport
Global hectare
 Ecological footprints in HICs and LICs
• Diet
• Gas emissions
• Fossil fuels
• Consumption
 Using resources without
devastation
• Transfer new technologies and local innovation
• Cities can be designed for supporting good lifestyle s and
minimizing their impact on and use of resources
• Moving to clean energy generation would stop emission of
dioxide carbon
• Education in family planning may stop uncontrolled
population growth
 Water availability and consumption
• Over 780 million people have no access to clean water
• Water scarcity /economical and physical/
• People use more water
• Urbanization, developing of cities
• Climate change
• Growing middle class /gardening, showers/
• Tourism / swimming pools etc/
• By 2050 our population increases to 9 million
• Water use HIC LIC
Domestic 11% 8
Industrial 59 10
Agricultural 30 82
• Virtual water is the water used to create the goods and services that we
consume and use.
• Virtual water includes also transport of water from one country to
another (the most often as food, flowers), from country with high to
country of low resources of water.
Virtual water trade
 Availability of land and food consumption

• Since 1961 every year total fish supply and consumption increase by 3,6%
• 1964-1999 meat consumption increased 150% in LICs
• 1998-2030 global meat production will rose from 218 million tonnes to 380
• Expanding area farmed, irrigation, HYV and GMO crops- three ways to
increasing food production
 Thomas Malthus’s ideas
• In “Essay on principle on population” /1798/ he said that the
major population problem is a tendency of people to increase,
beyond the possibilities of access to food and territory.
• He thought that supply of food was achieved by taking new
agriculture lands
• He discovered the relation between population growth and
standard of living
• The point of his theory was that:
• people population growth geometrical 2-4-16 while food
production arithmetical 1-2-3 so the consequence is
overpopulation
 Optimum population
• This theory includes:
• growth of population causing use of a country’s resources and rises standard of living
• The highest average standard of living is called the economic optimum,
• Before this point a country may be under-populated and after over-populated
 Neo and anti Malthusian
effects
• Neo-Malthusian • Anti-Malthusian
• Population increase • Population increase

• Increased demand on food • Increase demand on food

•
• Less food per person • Improvement in technology

• Increased mortality • Population growth

continues unchecked
• Decreased fertility

• Lower population growth

 Neo-Malthusian theory
• Trend of lower areas of farmland per person
• Rapid growth in cost of much food production
• Scarcity of fish in many regions
• Huge changes in land use from agriculture food prodction to
biofuels production to stop the energy crisis
 Anti-Malthusian theory
• Development of new resources
• Replacement of less with more effectiveness resources
• Rapid development of green technologies
• Development of agriculture
 Homework!
• Esther Boserup`s theory of population

• Emile Durkheim`s theory of population

• Tragedy of commons

• Carrying capacity
 Sum up
• Explain, under-population, over-
population, and optimum population
• Explain both Malthusian theories
• What is your view on the relationship
between population and resources?
 Green revolution
• Is an answer to agriculture problems
• The first country which was a beneficent of this programme
was India, 1966-67
• The green revolution includes giving crops higher
effectiveness (HYP – high yielding variety)
• HYV including five cereals: wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and
millet
• There are advantages and disadvantages of the green
revolution
 Advantages
• Yields are 2 or 4 times greater than traditional varieties
• In areas with short growing seasons crops can grow with
both short vegetation and high effectiveness
• Development of farms, machines, fertilizers etc
• In rural areas more varied food
• Development of local infrastructure
 Disadvantages
• More irrigated areas cause solicitation
• Some HYVs have different tastes
• Mechanization has increased rural unemployment
• HYVs need more control and care
• High input of fertilizers
• Costly production