–“Sewage don’t run uphill and payday is Friday” –There can be some complicated implementations, particularly in vacuum systems, particularly if you let physicists design them! NPT: National Pipe Thread • “Black” and “galvanized” pipe: dimensions and fittings. – Galvanized pipe is zinc-plated and used for water and compressed air, which often contains considerable quantities of water – Black pipe is used for gas (Natural gas), it rusts easily when wet. • Pipe is typically rigid; it doesn’t bend easily Pipe Terminology • Pipe is measured on the ID (inside diameter), approximately. – Actually it’s measured on the OD (outside diameter), but that number makes no sense! (See below) – The naming standard used to be IPS (Iron Pipe Size), but has been supplanted by NPS (Nominal Pipe Size). – “Schedule” refers to the wall thickness – “Schedule 40" is the normal/common thickness – All schedules of the same nominal size must have the same OD to be compatible with the same size fittings – “In Europe, pressure piping uses the same pipe IDs and wall thicknesses as Nominal Pipe Size, but labels them with a metric Diameter Nominal (DN) instead of the imperial NPS.” (Wikipedia: pope (material)) Pipe Varieties and Metric Conversions Pipe Terminology
– ½" schedule 40 pipe has an OD of 0.840", thickness of
0.109" and ID of 0.622“ – ½” schedule 80 has a wall of 0.147" and ID of 0.546", schedule 160 has a wall of 0.187" and ID of 0.466". – Remember that all schedules of the same nominal size must have the same OD to be compatible with the same size fittings – Is that all perfectly clear and is it now obvious why it’s called ½" pipe? (You recognize sarcasm, yes?) – Other sizes of pipe don’t make any more sense than this. – Plastic sprinkler pipe also comes in schedules; the pipe is typically schedule 40 but fittings are typically schedule 80. Noel Denevers, Fluid Mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, p. 471-474 (1970) Nomenclature of Pipe Fittings • Fitting – a joint or connector, as an elbow, union, or tee, used in a pipe system. (Dictionary.com) – Couplings: require significant motion of pipes, particularly along the axis of the pipe. Typically used during installation of a plumbing system. – Unions: Require minimal longitudinal motion of the pipe. Typically used to install and exchange appliances after plumbing system has been constructed. – Bushings: used to change pipe size. – Tees – Elbows: 90º and 45º – “Street” fittings are asexual – Nipple: a short piece of pipe, threaded on both ends, used to connect two fittings. Pipe Fittings • “Iron” pipe fittings have a tapered thread – Typically “sealed” with Teflon tape. – The taper half-angle is 1º 47', which corresponds to 3/4" decrease in diameter per foot of thread. • Demo of threaded pipe joint. How tight do you make it? Tight enough that it doesn’t leak! Tubing • Tubing is measured on the OD and is exact...well sort of. An alleged piece of 1" x 1/8" wall stainless tubing was measured to be 1.050". As usual, caveat emptor! • Tubing available in many materials – Copper • Flexible: used extensively refrigeration, water and many other applications • Rigid (aka “pipe”, but measured on OD!): used extensively for water, especially in homes – Brass – Stainless • High quality vacuum systems often made with welded stainless tubing – All sorts of exotic metals (including platinum!) Pipe and Tubing • Pipe is rigid: Changes in direction are made with elbows and tees • Tubing can be bent – Copper tubing can be easily bent by hand – Benders available for other metals – Electrical Metallic Tubing (“EMT”) • Used extensively for commercial wiring • EMT benders are common – Replacement car exhaust systems are now custom-made for each model in each installation Pipe and Tubing • Tube fittings typically “slip” together – Plastic pipe fittings are made permanent with glue – Metal fittings are made permanent with solder (“sweated”) or welding (stainless) Soldering • Types of solder – Soft • Lead/tin alloys • Different alloys have different melting points and strengths • Apply with iron or propane torch • Solid core is typically used for plumbing • Rosin core is used (without flux) for electrical connections – Silver • Much stronger and higher melting than lead/tin solders • Apply with oxy-acetylene torch – Many specialty typed for special applications • Types of flux – Green Streak contains acid and is very corrosive to electronics but fine for copper pipe – Superior 90 is great for electronics and adequate for copper pipe Swagelok: Plumbing for Physicists • Fittings, nuts and ferrules. – Demo: the Swagelok catalog • Standard Swagelok is not appropriate for applications that need to be changed often. • Definitely ditto for tapered pipe fittings. Swagelok: Plumbing for Physicists • UltraTorr compression O-ring fittings. – Excellent for repeated changes; should last forever with occasional change of O-rings – Great for vacuum – Will not tolerate high pressure! • VCO fittings – O-ring fittings that can be changed repeatedly – Will tolerate moderate pressures • VCR fittings: – Typically used on welded stainless steel systems for extremely high vacuum or where leaks absolutely cannot be tolerated like silane and arsine lines. – Like mini-conflat fittings: they come with a gasket that is single-use. – Intended as removable fittings in bakeable, welded all-metal systems. • It makes no sense to put Teflon tape on a Swagelok or conflat fitting. (Ditto for the joint between a regulator and gas cylinder.) Plumbing with Glass • “Glass” comes in numerous “grades” – “Fused silica” is high purity SiO2 typically about 99.99% pure • Usable to 1200 C • Very low coefficient of thermal expansion • Can be thrust into water for 1500 C! – “Vycor” is a trade name for 96% pure silica – “Pyrex” • Approximately 81% SiO2, 2% Al2O3, 4% Na2O, 0.5% K2O and 13% B2O3 • Very common for labware • Low coefficient of thermal expansion • Usable in flames and on hotplates – Flint glass is commonly used for lenses Plumbing with Glass • Ground joints and ball joints: nomenclature and sizes – Ground joints are classified by a “standard taper” size – 24/40 is quite common for intermediate-sized joints • The maximum diameter of the taper is 24 mm • The taper is 40 mm long – Ground glass fitting is typically sealed with vacuum grease – Grease can be removed with piranha solution – Frozen joints can be loosened by Coca Cola®! – Stopcocks are sized by the diameter of the hole (mm) • Connections made by “welding” in a flame: “glassblowing” Plumbing with Glass • Ace and Fisher – Porter – Grease-free couplings and connectors • Grease is a place for volatile contaminants to adsorb and outgas forever • Greased fittings cannot be baked – Gas handling systems in OEML are completely grease- free • Glass, Teflon and metal parts only • Suitable for use with reactive gases • Swagelok can be connected to glass by using teflon or nylon ferrules – Ace also has fittings that directly connect to Swagelok