State Responsibility

Arie Afriansyah

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Latar belakang
• Walaupun setiap negara berdaulat, namun
hak absolut tersebut dibatasi oleh kedaulatan
negara lain
• Sehingga tidak ada satu negara manapun
dapat menikmati hak-haknya tanpa
menghormati hak-hak negara lainnya
• Setiap pelanggaran terhadap hak-hak negara
lain menyebabkan negara tersebut wajib
memperbaiki pelanggaran hak tersebut.

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Introduction.
• Responsibility – whose?
– States, non- State actors, individuals.
• Classically concerned with State as the only actors.

• Responsibility – what is it?

– Action taken by one State regularly results in injury to, or
outrage on, the dignity or prestige of another State.
– Responsibility is the necessary corollary of obligation –
States primary subjects of international law.
– State Responsibility is the general set of rules governing
the international legal consequences of violations, by
States, of their international legal obligations.

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(1) Substantive rules of international law (Primary
rules): customary or treaty rules laying down
substantive obligations for States
(2) The law of State responsibility (Secondary
rules): rules relating to (a) whether there has
been a breach of a primary rule; and (b) the
legal consequences of such a breach.
Where are the Rules on Responsibility
Found?
• To date no comprehensive treaty setting out the
rules.
– General rules to be found in custom and through
decisions of Courts and Tribunals.
– ILCASR, 2001.
• Much of the ILCASR reflect custom.
– Rules on when states can be held responsible are
sometimes set out in specific treaties
• Eg, ECHR, UNCLOS.
– There is a clear distinction in the law between the rule and
content of an obligation and the consequences of that
violation.

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ELEMENTS OF STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
Art. 1: “Every internationally wrongful act of a
State entails the international responsibility of
that State.”
Art. 2: There is an internationally wrongful act of
a state when conduct consisting of an action or
omission:
(1) Is attributable to the state under
international law; and
(2) Constitutes a breach of an international
obligation of the state.

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Conduct attributable to the State can consist of actions or
omissions.

An example of an omission:
Corfu Channel case (1949) ICJ Rep. 4, where the ICJ held
that Albanian was responsible because it knew, or must have
known, of the presence of the mines in its territorial waters
and did nothing to warn third States of their presence.

An example of a commission:
Iraqi invasion to Kuwait in 1990

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 ATTRIBUTION OF CONDUCT TO
THE STATE
 The State is an abstract entity. It cannot act
of itself.
 An “act of the State” must involve some
action or omission by a human being or
group. States can act only by and through
their organs or agents.
 The question is which persons should be
considered as acting on behalf of the State.
 ELEMEN PERBUATAN SALAH YANG
BERDIMENSI INTERNASIONAL OLEH NEGARA

KESALAHAN

DAPAT DITUJUKAN MENGANDUNG PELANGGARAN ATAS

PADA NEGARA KEWAJIBAN NEGARA

ATRIBUSI:
NEGARA BERTINDAK MELALUI WAKIL-WAKILNYA
DAPAT BERUPA KERUGIAN YANG DITIMBULKAN
DALAM HI SEMUA PEJABAT DAPAT DIKENAKAN
ATAU HANYA SEMATA-MATA PELANGGARAN
TANGUNGJAWAB INTERNASIONAL
MELALUI NEGARANYA

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 The general rule: A State organ is
considered as acting on behalf of the State
and its conduct is considered as an “act of
the State” for which the State is
responsible under international law.
 As a corollary, the conduct of private
persons acting in their private capacity is
not as such attributable to the State.
BREACH OF AN INTERNATIONAL
OBLIGATION
[Article 12]
There is a breach of an international
obligation by a State when an act of that
State is not in conformity with what is
required of it by that obligation, regardless
of its origin or character.
 International obligations may be established
by a customary rule of international law, by a
treaty, by a judgment given by the ICJ or any
other international tribunal.
 In international law, there is no distinction
between “contractual” and “tortious”
responsibility nor between “civil” and
“criminal” responsibility.
SUMBER TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA

KESALAHAN NEGARA
BERDIMENSI
INTERNASIONAL

TINDAKAN KELALAIAN
/COMISSION /OMISSION

SATISFACTION/ COMPENSATION/ SATISFACTION/ COMPENSATION/

PELUNASAN GANTI RUGI PELUNASAN GANTI RUGI

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Perbaikan atas kerugian yang disebabkan
pelanggaran terhadap kewajiban HI
 1. Restitusi (Pasal 35)
Sebuah Negara yang bertanggung jawab untuk tindakan salah
internasional berada di bawah kewajiban untuk membuat
restitusi, yaitu, membangun kembali situasi yang ada sebelum
bertindak salah itu dilakukan
2. Kompensasi (Pasal 36)
a. Negara yang bertanggung jawab untuk tindakan salah
internasional berada di bawah kewajiban untuk mengimbangi
kerusakan yang ditimbulkan karenanya, sejauh kerusakan
tersebut tidak dibuat baik dengan restitusi.
b. kompensasi tersebut harus meliputi kerusakan finansial
dinilai termasuk hilangnya keuntungan sejauh didirikan.

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 3. Kepuasan (Pasal 37)
a. Negara yang bertanggung jawab untuk tindakan salah
internasional berada di bawah kewajiban untuk memberikan
kepuasan bagi luka yang disebabkan oleh tindakan yang
sejauh yang tidak dapat dibuat baik dengan ganti rugi atau
kompensasi.
b. Kepuasan dapat terdiri dalam pengakuan atas pelanggaran,
ekspresi penyesalan, permintaan maaf formal atau modalitas
yang lain sesuai.
c. Kepuasan tidak akan keluar dari proporsi cedera dan tidak
dapat mengambil formulir memalukan untuk Negara yang
bertanggung jawab.

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 4. Bunga (Pasal 38)
a. Bunga atas setiap jumlah pokok yang jatuh tempo dalam
bab ini akan dibayar bila perlu untuk memastikan perbaikan
penuh. Tingkat bunga dan cara perhitungan akan diatur
sehingga untuk mencapai hasil tersebut.
b. Bunga berjalan dari tanggal ketika jumlah pokok yang
seharusnya sudah dibayar sampai tanggal kewajiban untuk
membayar terpenuhi.
5. Kontribusi atas Kerugian (Pasal 39)
Dalam penentuan reparasi, harus dipertimbangkan dari
kontribusi terhadap kerugian oleh tindakan atau kelalaian
yang disengaja atau kelalaian Negara terluka atau orang atau
badan sehubungan dengan reparasi yang dicari.

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DIAGRAM PEMBELAAN DAN PEMBENARAN
(DEFENCE & JUSTIFICATION)

PAKSAAN DARI
NEGARA LAIN

PERSETUJUAN DARI
NEGARA TINDAKAN BALASAN
YANG TERKENA DAMPAK

JENIS
PEMBELAAN DAN
PEMBENARAN

KEHARUSAN (necessity)
FORCE MAJEURE

BELA DIRI (self-defence)

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Questions???

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