Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Socialization
is vital to:
Sex Role
Personality
Differentiation
Agents of Socialization
These refer to the various social groups
or social institutions that play a
significant role in introducing and
integrating the individual as an
accepted and functioning member of
society
The agents of socialization guide every
individual in understanding what is
Agents of Socialization
Family
Mass
School
Media
Work
Church
Place
Peer
Group
The following are forms of social
norms:
• These are the customary patterns that specify what is socially correct
and proper in everyday life.
• They are the repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of expected
Folkways behavior followed within a group of community.
Choice in occupation,
It carries with it certain
marriage, joining a religious
expectations of behavior
organization are example.
Two types of Status
Ascribed Status
- Is a social position where a person receives at birth
or takes involuntarily later in life. It also believes to be
assigned to us by the group or society. Ex: being a son, a Filipino,
a widower, or a teenager.
Achieved Status
-Is a social position a person takes on voluntarily
that reflects personal ability and effort.
Ex: being a choir, physician, ballet dancer, lawyer, honor student, hair stylist
and etc.
The essential in role playing are;
1. A definition of the role and an identification
of self.
2. Behavior in given situations appropriate to
role.
3. A background of related acts by others
(counter roles) which serves as cues to guide
specific performances
4. An evaluation by the individual and by others
of the performance of the role.
Conformity and Deviance
The identification of oneself in society is
always relative to his/her existing environment.
Social role must be performed in connection
with the expected behavior.
Erving Goffman, in his book The Presentation
of Self in Everyday Life, tried to show how
certain social processes modify the presentation
of self and the impact of role expectations on the
behavior of an individual. To Goffman, everyone
is consciously playing a role.
More so, it is a process of
conformity where
individuals attempt to
change his/her behavior
because of the desire to
conform with defined
social norm.
Kelman (1958) distinguished
between the different types of
conformity;
1. Compliance (or group acceptance)
This occurs when an individual accepts influence
because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction
from another person or group.
2. Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms)
This occurs when an individual accepts influence
because the content of the induced behavior-the
ideas and action of which it is composed- is
intrinsically rewarding.
A person publicly changes his behavior to fit in
with the group, while also agreeing with others privately.
3. Identification (or group membership)
This occurs “when an individual
accepts influence because he wants to
establish or maintain a satisfying self-
defining relationship to another person or
group”.
4. Ingratiational
This is when a person conforms to
impress or gain favor/acceptance from
other people.
On the other hand,nonconformity of an
individual would mean deviation from
acceptable social norms which is known
as social deviance.Social deviance refers
to any behavior that differs or diverges
from established social norms.
The concept of deviance is complex
because norms vary considerably cross
groups, times, and places.In other
words, what one group may consider
acceptable, another may consider
deviant.
Sociological Theories of Deviance
1. Functionalist Theory
According to Emile Durkheim,deviance can serve a
number of functions for society.He asserted that there
is nothing abnormal in deviance.He gave four major
functions of deviance:
A.Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.
B.Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary
C.Responding to deviance promotes social unit
D.Deviance encourage social change
2. Strain Theory
Robert Merton argued that in an
unequal society the tension or strain
between socially approved goals and an
individual’s ability to meet those goals
through socially approved means will lead
to deviance as individuals reject either the
goals,the means,or both.
Merton gave the following forms of
deviance that emerge from strain
A. Conformity -It involves accepting both
the cultural goal of success and the use of
legitimate means for achieving that goal.
B. Innovation –This response involves
accepting the goal of success but rejecting
the use of socially accepted means of
achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional, illegitimate means.
C. Ritualism –This occurs when people
deemphasize or reject the importance of
success once they realize they will never
achieve it and instead concentrate on
following or enforcing these rules than ever
was intended.
D. Retreatism –This means withdrawal
from society,caring neither about success
nor about working.
E. Rebellion –This occurs when people
reject and attempt to change both the goals
and the means approved by society.
3. Control Theory
Travis Hirschi assumed that
the family, school, and other
social institutions can greatly
contribute to social order by
controlling deviant tendencies
in very individual.
Social Control of Deviance
In order to regulate nonconformity
with the social norms, society
created measures in order to limit
deviance. Social control includes the
use of behavioral restraints to
encourage people to follow set social
expectations.
These are two types of sanctions:
• These are unofficial, often cassual pressures to conform.
• Positive informal sanctions involve reward for conformity or
compliance.
Informal • Negative sanctions or informal sanctions involve penalties for not
Sanctions conforming. These may take the form of ridicule,
ostracism,rejection, or even expulsion from the group.
Economic Constitutional
Rights Rights
Rights of
Human
Beings
Political Statutory
Rights Rights
Civil Rights
1. Natural Rights
These are rights inherent to man and
given to him by God as a human being.
2. Constitutional Rights
These are the rights guaranteed under
the fundamental charter of the country.
3. Statutory Rights
These are rights provided by the
lawmaking body of a country or by a law,
such as the right to receive a minimum
wage and the right to preliminary
investigation.
4. Civil Rights
These are rights specified under the
Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech,
right to information.
5. Economic Rights
These are rights to property, whether
personal, real, or intellectual.
6. Political Rights
These are rights an individual enjoys
as a consequence of being a member of a
body politic.
The protection of the different rights of
human beings promotes the notion of
human being.
Dignity of human being is an essential
concept in the society as well as
morality, because through it the quality
and honor of the people can be
determined, and from the sense of
dignity the concepts of human rights
can also be measured.
Thank
You!