Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Calcitonin
1
Hormone Effect Bone Gut Kidney
Increases
Ca Indirect Ca reab
PTH Osteoclast
Po4 via Vit. D Po4 exr.
s
Ca
Ca No direct Po4 No direct
Vitamin D3
Po4 action absorptio effect
n
Inhibits
Ca No direct Ca & Po4
Calcitonin Osteoclast
Po4 effect excretion
s
2
Corrected total calcium (mg%) =
3
Supplements
Vitamin D 2
Calcitriol (Active)
4
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone
From dietary sources Action of Sunlight on skin
5
PTH Calcitriol (D) Calcitonin
• 4 PT glands • Active bone • Para follicular
• 84 AA formation C of Thyroid
hormone • Main effect is • 34 AA
• Low Ca on the Gut hormone
stimulates it • PTH Vit. D • On Kidney
6
Critical - > 14 mg %
Moderate - 12 to 14 mg %
7
PTH
Genetic
Vitamin
D
Ca++
Malignanc
Endocrine
y
Medicines
8
More than 90 percent of hypercalcemia cases are
Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy
These conditions must be differentiated early
to provide optimal treatment & accurate prognosis
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy implies a
very limited life expectancy — only a matter of
weeks
Primary hyperparathyroidism has a benign course.
9
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Sporadic, familial, associated with
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN I or II)
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Associated with chronic renal failure
PTH due to Vitamin D deficiency
10
Vitamin D intoxication
Iatrogenic Vitamin D injections
Usually 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in
over-the-counter supplements
Granulomatous disease –
Sarcoidosis, Berylliosis, Tuberculosis
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
11
Humoralhypercalcemia of malignancy
(mediated by PTHrP) – common cause
Solid
tumors, especially lung, head and
neck squamous cancers
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
Local osteolysis (mediated by cytokines)
Multiple Myeloma
Breast cancer
12
Thiazide diuretics (usually mild) - common
Lithium for depressive illnesses
Milk-alkali syndrome (calcium + antacids)
Vitamin A intoxication (including
analogs used to treat acne)
13
Hyperthyroidism
Adrenal insufficiency
Acromegaly
Pheochromocytoma
14
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
(FHH)
mutated calcium-sensing receptor gene
Immobilization, with high bone turnover
(e.g., Paget’s disease, bedridden child)
Recovery phase of Rhabdomyolysis
15
renal osos
G-I SNC
16
Prevalenţă.
100.000 cazuri diagnosticate anual US
de 3 ori mai frecvent la femei
1/500 de femei şi 1/1500 bărbaţi
1% din populaţia generală sub 55 ani
2 % din populaţia generală peste 55 ani
Sporadic:
Adenom sporadic 80-85 % (iradiere cervicală, expunere la litium)
Adenoame multiple: 4 %
Hiperplazie PTH: 10 -15 %
Carcinoame: sub 1 %
Familial
Izolat (hiprexpresia genei PRAD1 care codifică ciclina 1 care iniţiază ciclul
proliferării celulare)
MEN 1 ( mutaţia inactivanţă a meninei tumor suppresor gene de pe
cromozomul 11q13 (two hith hypothesis)
MEN 2A ( mutaţie activantă a genei RET: CMT, HPTH, FEO)
HPTH-jaw tumor – mutaţia genei HRPT2 care codifică parafibromina
Hiperparatiroidismul primar neonatal –mutaţie homozigotă a genei CASH
(calcium sensing receptor)
Hipercalcemia hipocalciurică benignă – mutaţie heterozigotă a genei
CASH
Etiologie
Hiperpratirodismul primar
80% adenom paratiroidian (unic sau multiplu)
12% hiperplazie (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
1-3% carcinomul paratiroidian
Hiperparatiroidism secundar
Producţie excesivă de PTH reactivă la o anomalie renalî.
În cele mai multe cazuri insuficienţa renală cronică determină exces de fosfaţi
cu sau fără creşterea calciului ţi stimularea gşandei paratiroide
Hiperpatiroidismul terţiar
Secreţie excesivă autonoma de PTh prin autonomizarea unui hiperparatiroidism
secundar. Uneori după transplant cauza hiperparatirodiei este eliminată dar
paratirodele s-au atuonomizat şi continuă să secrete
Semnele hipercalcemiei :
Litiază renală, nephrocalcinoză
Poliurie şi polidipsie
Complicaţii osoase
• Clasic: osteitis fibrosa cystica: osteoporoză, tumori
brune (zone de osteoliză la nivelul oaselor lungi,
fracturi patologice,
Simptome gastrointestinale: constipaţie, greţutri,
vărsături, ulcer peptic, pancreatită.
• Complicaţii SNC: letargie, astenie, depresie,
tulburări de memorie, psihoză, ataxie, delir, comă
Hipertrofia ventriculului stâng
Alte semne: astenie musculară, parestezii, keratopatie “în
bandă”
Skeleton “bones”
Bone pains
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
25
Renal “stones”
Nephrolithiasis
Nephrocalcinosis
26
Abdominal “Moans”
Nausea, vomiting
27
Psychological “Groans”
Impaired concentration
28
Cardiovascular
Hypertension, Increased risk of CHD
ECG changes of shortened QT interval, PR
prolonged, QRS widened, ST , Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias; Vascular calcification
Others
Itching (Generalized Pruritus)
Keratitis, conjunctivitis
29
Adenom PTH
Determinări biologice: calcemie, forsfatemia, calciurie, fosfataza
alcalina, PTH
Ultrasonografia: sensiblitate: 82 %, specificitate: 90 %
Scintigrafia Tc 99, MIBI: acurateţe : 50+70 % (90 % pentru
adenoame unice, 27 % pentru leziuni multiple, 55 % pentru
hiperplazie
CT: sensibilitate: 50-75 %
PET/CT numai pentru maladia recurentă
MRI
FNA şi determinarea PTH în lichidul de spălare
Arteriografia şi cateterizarea venoasă selectivă
Imaginea adenomului PTH cu 99Tc sestamibi şi aspecte radiologice ale bolii
Fractură pe os patologic
Aspectul craniului”sare şi piper” După tratament
Eroziuni subperiostale in Chist osos în HPTH primară
HPTH primar
HIPERPLAZIE PARATIROIDIANA IN HIPERPARATIROIDIA
SECUNDARA
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009, Vol. 94, No. 2 335-339
SUMMARY STATEMENTGuidelines for the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism:
Summary Statement from the Third International WorkshopJohn P. Bilezikian, Aliya A. Khan, John T. Potts, Jr on
behalf of the Third International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperthyroidism1
Comparison of new and old guidelines for parathyroid surgery in asymptomatic PHPT1
Serum calcium (>upper limit of 1–1.6 mg/dl (0.25–0.4 1.0 mg/dl (0.25 1.0 mg/dl
normal) mmol/liter) mmol/liter) (0.25
mmol/liter)
24-h urine for calcium >400 mg/d (>10 mmol/d) >400 mg/d (>10 Not
mmol/d) indicated2
Creatinine clearance (calculated) Reduced by 30% Reduced by 30% Reduced to
<60 ml/min
BMD Z-score <–2.0 in forearm T-score <–2.5 at any T-score <–
site3 2.5 at any
site3 and/or
previous
fracture
fragility4
Age (yr) <50 <50 <50
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009, Vol. 94, No. 2 335-339
SUMMARY STATEMENTGuidelines for the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism:
Summary Statement from the Third International WorkshopJohn P. Bilezikian, Aliya A. Khan, John T. Potts, Jr on
behalf of the Third International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperthyroidism1
Comparison of new and old management guidelines for patients with asymptomatic
primary hyperparathyroidism who do not undergo parathyroid surgery
CALCIMIMETICELE
Cinacalcetul este indicat în supresia parţială a PTH in hiprparatiroidismul
usor sau mediu
Este indicat la cei care răspund la vitamina D dar au produs fosfo-caclic
crescut
Reduce rata de proliferare a celulelor paratiroidiene
PARATIROIDECTOMIA
Subtotală sau totală cu autotransplatarea de 200-300 mg tesut paratiroidian
sub sternoceidomastoidian
Paratirodiectomia totală fără transplant în calcinoza fulminantă metastatică
Necrozarea paratiroidelor cu alcool
Normal calcium
8.5 to 10.3
< 8.0 mg
Hypocalcemia %
59
High/Normal Pri PTH
Medications
Vit D Toxicity
Cancers/
Lymphoma
Suppressed PTHrP
60
Low or Endocrine
Normal If Low
Cancer
Low or If High
PTHrP 1, 25 Vit. D Lymphoma
Normal
Low – FHH
24 hr. urine
High calcium
N or
Sestamibi
61
Due to increased bone resorption and
release of calcium from bone
Three mechanisms
• Osteolytic metastases with local release of
cytokines
• Tumor secretion of parathyroid hormone-related
protein
• Tumor production of calcitriol
Tumori solide cu metastaze osoase (local osteolytic
hypercalcemia)
Cancer de sân Mielom multiplu, Limfom, leucemie
Tumori solide fără metastaze osoase (humoral
hypercalcemia of malignancy) –
Carcinom scuamos: plămân, cervix, cap şi
gât, esofag Carcinom renal Carcinom de vezică urinară
Carcinom ovarian şi de sân Leucemia HTLV-
Secreţia ectopică de PTH
Tumori producătoare de vitamina 1,25 (OH)2 D3
limfoame leucemii
Parathyroid hormone- released from the
parathyroid in response to a drop in calcium,
acts directly on bone by stimulating osteoclast
formation and inhibiting osteoblasts
Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)-
increase calcium and phosphorous absorption
from the intestinal mucosa
Calcitonin-reduces calcium release into
circulation as a result of bone resorption
Pathogenesis of Skeletal
Metastases
tumour
cell activatd
TGFß
IL-6
IL-1 Imune
IL-6 cell
TNF PGs
TGF PTHrP IL-1,
EGF cathepsins TNF
GM-CSF
osteoblast
OIF /
OAF
osteoclast
mineralized bone
Osteolytic mets are the result of direct
induction of local osteolysis by the tumor cells
Breast and Non–small cell lung
Fracturi vertebrale
30
20
Fracturi de sold
10
Fractura Colles
0 Varsta
50 60 70 80
masa osoasa
maxima
menopauza
masa osoasa
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Vârsta (ani) Byyny şi Speroff 1996
Pierderea de os trabecular
vertebral
12% anual (ulterior 3%)
Pierderea de os la nivelul
antebratului
Cortical - 1-2% anual
Trabecular – 2-3 %
PATOGENIA OSTEOPOROZEI SENILE
F:M - 2:1
Fractura vertebrala
x 5 risc2
Fractura de sold
x 2 risc 3
Deces
Klotzbuecher CM et al. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:721-739. 2. Nguyen N et al. J Bone Miner Res.
2005;20:1921-1928.2. Vestergaard P et al. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007. Abstract 501-M.
Nivel:
Vertebral
Radius distal
1- 20 cm
•“dowager’s hump”
• vol. cutiei toracice
•disfunctie ventilatorie
•dificultati in activitatile
cotidiene
•depresie
•Intensitate variabila
•Accentuata de unele manevre
•Localizata sau iradiaza anterior
•Sensibilitate la palpare
•Contractura paravertebrala
•Tine 4-6 saptamani
•Rar se poate complica cu leziuni
neurologice (nevralgie intercostala,
parapareza)
4. Fracturile vertebrale
cresc morbiditatea
cresc mortalitatea
(Kado DM et al. 1999, Canley J et al, 2000)
Nivel:
sold
vertebral
•Precedata de traumatism
•Durere foarte intensa
•Impotenta functionala
•Pozitie caracteristica
•Invaliditate 50%
•Mortalitate in primul an:
•12-24% la femei
•30% la barbati
Femei cu varsta>65 ani si barbati cu varsta>70
ani, indiferent de factorii de risc asociati
Femei tinere in postmenopauza si barbati cu
varsta intre 50 si 69 ani cu factori de risc
asociati
Femei in premenopauza cu factori de risc
asociaţi, (greutate corporala mica, fractura
anterioara si medicamente cu risc)
Adulti cu o fractura la vârsta de >50 ani
Adulti cu alte comorbiditati (PR) sau in tratament
(glucocorticoizi Prednison 5 mg/zi sau echivalent
pe o perioada >3 luni) asociind pierdere osoasa
sau masa osoasa scazuta
Oricine necesita tratament pentru osteoporoza
Oricine in tratament pentru osteoporoza pentru
monitorizarea terapiei
Oricine face tratament cunoscut ca scazand masa
osoasa si fara tratament pentru osteoporoza
Femeile in postmenopauza fara tratament
substitutiv estrogenic
Varsta Poliartrita reumatida