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KPK03 - Hazard & Risk
KPK03 - Hazard & Risk
mahfud.its@gmail.com
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Beberapa istilah
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Near Miss
INCIDENT = KEJADIAN
ACCIDENT = KECELAKAAN)
INDUSTRIAL INCIDENTS
MINOR (INDUSTRIAL) INCIDENTS:
• Slips, falls
• Trip
• Nuisance/minor distress from exposure
• Minor burns
• Low thermal radiation from fires
MAJOR (INDUSTRIAL) INCIDENTS:
• Fire (pools, jets, flash)
• BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)
• VCE (Vapor Cloud Explosion)
• Dust Explosion
• Toxic gas or toxic liquid or toxic solids release
• Toxic combustion products
• Toxicity
seen as: Lethal Dose
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
• Flammability
seen as: Flash Point
Auto Ignition Point
Flammability Limits (when mixed with air)
• Explosion
seen as: Detonation (very high pressure wave) (e.g. TNT)
Deflagration (e.g. LPG)
VCE (Vapor Cloud Explosion)
BLEVE (e.g. LPG)
Dust explosion
• Carcinogenicity (e.g. benzene, CCl4, phenolic substances).
MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO HAZARDS
(Related to operations, involving deviations from good practice)
• electrical equipment
• static electricity
• flames
• frictions
• hot surfaces
• reactive substances
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Dalam analisis risiko, bahaya diidentifikasi sebagai:
Bahan beracun, atau kondisi tertentu yang berpotensi
berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia, atau lingkungan.
Identifikasi bahaya adalah langkah pertama dalam analisis
risiko.
Proses ini adalah proses mengenali semua bahaya yang
berpotensi membahayakan individu atau lingkungan.
Identifikasi bahaya menetapkan adanya "bahaya" di lokasi
tertentu.
Contoh: bahan kimia beracun:
Ini adalah bahaya bagi kesehatan manusia, NAMUN
Bukan risiko kecuali seseorang terkena itu.
Impact Sequences
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION METHODS:
Pengendalian
Substitusi
Eliminasi
Administrasi
Hazard Lingkungan Fisik
Suhu/Temperatur
Suhu tinggi: heat stroke & heat cramps
Pengendalian: air minum, asupan garam, istirahat, tidur,
pakaian, aklimatisasi
Pencahayaan
Mengakibatkan kelelahan pada mata;
Iritasi, mata berair, mata merah, sakit kepala, viskositas menurun,
contrast sensitivity, akomodasi menurun
Pengendalian, harus diperhatikan hal2 sbb:
Sumber pencahayaan: intensitas, sumber cahaya, efisiensi &
efektivitasnya
Keadaan lingkungan tempat kerja: luas, jendela, langit2/dinding
Tenaga kerja: kemampuan penglihatannya, kondisi kesehatan
Hazard Lingkungan Fisik
Frosbite, akibat suhu sangat rendah di bawah titik
beku
Chilblain, akibat bekerja di tempat cukup dingin
untuk waktu yang lama
Trenchfoot, akibat terendam air dingin cukup lama
Hiperbarik
Getaran, akibat terpajan terhadap getaran dapat
menimbulkan Raynaud Syndrome
Hazard Lingkungan Kimia
Tanpa Berpengalaman,
Tingkat pengalaman, memiliki
kemampuan tidak pernah Kurang kemampuan
pelaksana melakukan berpengalaman yang baik dan
pekerjaan pekerjaan sering melakukan
sebelumnya pekerjaan itu
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Parameter dalam memperhitungkan EFEK BAHAYA
Ketersediaan
Kurang dari 1 menit Antara 1-30 menit Lebih dari 30 menit
waktu evakuasi
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Major Hazard Risk Matrix
PROBABILITY
Incide nt
Has Incide nt
has
Ne ve r he ard occurre d in Incide nt has has
occurre d
of in the the world occurre d in occurre d
se ve ral
world but ve ry BP se ve ral
time s in
unlike ly time s in BP
the BU
Less than Once every Once every > Once
Once every
CONSEQUENCE once in 1,000- 100-1,000
10-100 years
every 10
10,000 years 10,000 years years years
BP
Harm to Harm to Re putation
Pe ople Environmnt
Busine ss
Damage 1 2 3 4 5
Impact
Lo ng term Internatio nal med ia,
d amag e to eco - BP fo rced to
3 0 + fatalities s ys tem, p o o r
p o tential fo r
>$1 b illio n withd raw fro m
reg io n, p ub lic
A M H H H H
reco very inq uiry, lo s s o f
M ed ium term Internatio nal med ia,
d amag e to eco - reg ulato r
$10 0 millio n - 1
10 -3 0 fatalities s ys tem,
likeliho o d o f
b illio n
interventio n, majo r
co rp o rate
B M M H H H
reco very within p ro s ecutio n,
Chang e eco - Head lines in
s ys tem fo r up to internatio nal med ia,
$ 10 millio n - 10 0
1-10 fatalities 2 years with
reas o nab le
millio n
o ng o ing co verag e in
natio nal med ia,
C M M H H
reco very p ro s ecutio n
Lo calis ed s ho rt- Head lines in natio nal
Po tential fo r
term chang e to p res s and televis io n,
mino r co s t o r
Serio us injury eco -s ys tem,
g o o d reco very
revenue imp act
p o s s ib le
p ro s ecutio n b y
D M M H
to the BU
p o tential reg ulato r.
Firs t –aid /
Chang e within
med ical Neg lig ib le co s t M entio n in lo cal
s co p e o f exis ting
treatment cas e,
p o s s ib le
variab ility, can b e
o r revenue
imp act
p res s , q ueries b y
reg ulato r
E M M
mo nito red
DAFWC
Chemical Plant Accidents
Hazard
Hazard Economic
Risk Fatalities Loss
Fire High Low Intermediate
Explosion Intermediate Intermediate High
Toxic Release Low High Low
1 Disabled
100 Injury
500 Property
None Damage
10.000 None
Accident Pyramid
Defeating Accidents
DESIRED
STEP
Step Desired Effect PROCEDURE
EFFECT
Increase Firefighting
Termination Relief systems
Sprinklers
Emergency shut-off valves
Sekian