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Culture Documents
Imun HIV TEST
Imun HIV TEST
PEMERIKSAAN IMUNOLOGI
DASAR PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
IMUNOLOGI
1. Uji respon imunologik non spesifik
Macam :
2. Uji respon imunologik spesifik
► Seluler
1. Kualitatif uji transformasi limfosit (dg PHA &
con A)
uji sitotoksisitas
uji produksi limfokin
2. Kuantitatif tes rosette (Sebuah tes penapisan
kualitatif untuk mendeteksi signifikan-10-
foetomaternal perdarahan ml, dimana sel-sel
indikator bentuk yang mudah)
► Humoral
Elektrpforesis protein
Imuno elektroforesis
Elektrpforesis protein Imuno elektroforesis
3. Uji interaksi antigen-antibodi
1. Reaksi presipitasi
- utk antibodi/antigen terlarut
terbentuk presipitat (gumpalan)
- jml antigen & antibodi hrs
seimbang
2. Reaksi aglutinasi
- utk antibodi/antigen btk
partikel terbentuk aglutinasi
- jml antigen & antibodi hrs
seimbang
- m/ : Widal, gol darah, tes
kehamilan
3. Interaksi Antigen-antibodi tingkat
molekuler
10
Susunan Gen
Berat molekul Gen Antigen
13
Deteksi p24 antigen
p24 antigen muncul secara karakteristik
pada fase awal dan akhir infeksi HIV:
Antigen ini muncul cepat setelah infeksi
replikasi awal virus dan ≈ ↑ level viremia
selama seseorang terkena infeksi.
Ketika antibodi HIV terdeteksi antigen p24
≠ terdeteksi, dikarenakan adanya kompleks
antigen antibodi di dalam darah.
Jika p24 antigen terdeteksi pertanda infeksi.
14
Potentially cross reacting samples:
Wanita hamil
Penderita autoimmune disease
Sampel (+) utk IgM anti bodi thd:
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus
Rubella virus
Toxoplasma gondii
Sampel (+) rhematoid factor
Hepatitis C virus antibody
Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen antibody.
15
Sensitivitas pemeriksaan p24 antigen
Pemeriksaan standart:
Neonatus – umur 1 bln 0-20%
Umur 3 – 6 bln 55-75%
Dewasa asimtomatik 4%
Selama infeksi akut (sebelum serokonversi) 55-75%
Pemeriksaan ICD:
Me ↑ sensitivitas 3-8 kali dibandingkan pemeriksaan standart
(Praharaj, et al., 2003).
Elisa gen ke4 (Saville et al., 2001):
100% high risk
99,7% low risk
16
Spesivisitas pemeriksaan p24 antigen
generasi ke3 & 4:
Gen 3
WEBER, et al., JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 2002.
17
ICD Nishanian et al., 1990:
1. 100µL spesimen + 50µL 0,5 N HCl
(pH 2,5-3,0)
1. Transplacental: 30-50%
2. Intrapartum: 50-70%
3. Breastfeeding
a. Mothers with established disease: 16%
b. Mothers who develop primary disease postpartum:
26%
19
Transmission of HIV Infection to
Neonates …
B. Risk Factors for HIV Vertical Transmission
1. Neonate
a. First born twin
b. Prematurity
c. Bacterial infection
d. Breastfeeding
2. Maternal
a. New onset disease
b. Low CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count (helper cells)
c. High CD8+ T-lymphocyte cell count (suppressor
cells)
20
Transmission of HIV Infection to
Neonates …
B. Risk Factors for HIV Vertical Transmission
2. Maternal
d. High viral load {elevated serum p24 antigen ICD),
elevated plasma HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) and
increased circulating cell associated virus}
e. Rapid and efficient viral replication rate
f. T-cell line tropism
g. Chorioamnionitis
h. Prolonged/complicated labor
i. Mixing of maternal and fetal blood
j. On-going illicit drug use
21
Diagnosing HIV Infection in Neonates
Diagnostic testing should be performed
between:
22
Diagnostic Tests
A. HIV Antibody by Enzyme Immunoassay
(EIA):
This test is not adequate for differentiating
maternal versus newborn infection.
B. HIV Culture:
Not readily available, expensive to perform,
requires a large volume of blood, and
definitive results may not be available for two
to four weeks.
23
Diagnostic Tests …
C. HIV-p24 Antigen Assay:
Standard Assay:
The p24 Antigen (Ag) in the serum of neonates is
bound to maternal HIV antibody. This test is not
sensitive for the detection of HIV infection in
neonates.
ICD-HIV-p24 Assay (ICD):
If acid hydrolysis is used to interfere with antigen-
antibody complexes in the serum, then the
sensitivity of p24 can be increased and utilized as
an early diagnostic tool. One hundred percent
detection by one to three months of age.
24
Diagnostic Tests …
C. HIV-DNA-PCR
(polymerase chain reaction):
25
Diagnostic Tests …
E. HIV-IgA Antibody Test:
Maternal IgA antibodies do not cross the
placenta, therefore the detection of HIV
specific antibodies in the newborn serum
indicates presence of HIV infection.
This assay is sensitive after the third month
of life with 94% detection at six months and
100% detection at nine months (assay not
available for commercial use at this time).
26
Diagnostic Tests …
F. Immunologic Testing:
The following tests should be performed on all
neonates born to HIV positive mothers.
Lymphocyte subsets: CD4, CD8, and CD4/CD8 ratio
should be tested at one, three, and six months of age,
then every three months until HIV status of the neonate
is known. Monitoring should be performed on all
neonates who are HIV infected.
Quantitative immunoglobulin: IgG, IgM, and IgA
Skin tests performed later in infancy include: candida,
mumps, tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative-
PPD)
27
28
Pemeriksaan laboratorium HIV
Biakan virus
Deteksi antigen:
p24
Deteksi antibodi:
penyaring & konfirmasi
29
Berbagai teknik yang dipakai pada
pemeriksaan laboratorium infeksi HIV
(deteksi antigen/antibodi)
Aglutinasi
Imunokhromatografi
30
Aglutinasi
Ag
partikel
Anti-HIV
31
Imunokromatografi
Koloid emas
Anti-HIV
32
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Indirect EIA
Competitive EIA
Capture EIA
33
Indirect EIA
Anti-human Ig+enzyme E
substrat
Anti-HIV
Ag
34
Competitive EIA
substrat
Anti-HIV+enzyme
E
Anti-HIV
Ag Ag Ag
35
Antigen sandwich EIA
HIV Ag + enzyme E
substrat
Anti-HIV
Ag
Anti-HIV
Anti-human Ig G / M
37
Perkembangan reagensia EIA
Generasi 1 : viral lysate
38
EIA generasi pertama
Dari biakan virus dalam jaringan/sel
Spesivisitas rendah
39
EIA generasi kedua
Menggabungkan potongan DNA HIV ke
untaian DNA suatu mikroba vehikulum
(Candida, E.coli), sehingga dihasilkan
antigen rekombinan
40
EIA generasi ketiga
Antigen rekombinan ditambah dengan
peptida sintetik
41
EIA generasi keempat
Dapat mendeteksi baik antigen p24
maupun anti-HIV
p24 p24
Kadar
minggu tahun
infeksi
43
44
Konfirmasi
Generasi 1 – 3 : deteksi antibodi
Western Blot
Line Immunoassay
RIPA
Imunofluoresensi
45
Konfirmasi
Generasi 4 : deteksi antigen + antibodi
Western Blot
Line Immunoassay
RIPA
Imunofluoresensi
Ag Neutralisation, NAT 46
Kesimpulan
Pemilihan jenis reagensia harus
memperhatikan tujuan pemeriksaan,
banyaknya pemeriksaan, prevalensi
infeksi HIV populasi yang diperiksa dan
efisiensi yang diharapkan
49
Prinsip dasar
Carik nitroselulosa dilekatkan dengan
antigenic protein dari HIV-1 yang sudah
dimurnikan dan specific HIV-2 synthetic
peptide dengan cara electrophoretic
blotting
Carik nitroselulosa diinkubasi dengan
serum / plasma pasien
Bila terdapat antibodi spesifik terhadap
HIV-1 dan / HIV-2 terjadi ikatan antigen-
antibodi
50
Anti-human Ig Substrat
Serum pasien
yang mengandung Ab
+
+
+
Carik nitroselulosa
51
Yang perlu diperhatikan
Selalu kerjakan kontrol positif dan negatif
52
Kriteria interpretasi
Organisasi Kriteria
54
Western blot
A. Positif untuk infeksi
HIV-1
B. Positif lemah untuk
infeksi HIV-1
C. Negatif
55
56
(+) (+) (-) (-) (+) (+) HIV-2 +
57