301 ASMM English

MEKANIKA TERAPAN
Dosen Pengajar:
- Budi Suswanto, ST, MT, Ph.D
- Dwi Prasetya, ST, MT
Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 1

Syllabus
 Review of Matrices
 Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods
(ASMM)
◦ Balok Menerus
◦ Portal
◦ Transformasi Sumbu Koordinat
◦ Rangka Batang
 Introduction of Finite Element Method
 Application using SAP2000

Materials
 Text Books
 Online courses/website/youtube

Books:
 Structural Analysis: Using Classical and Matrix
Methods; Jack C McCormac; Wiley; 4 edition,
London 2006
 Structural Analysis
RC Coates, MG Coutie, FK Kong
Chapman & Hall, London, 1997
 Computer Analysis of Structures

S.M. Holzer
Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, London, 1985
 SAP2000 Manual
Evaluation
 HW = 10%
 ETS = 25%
 EAS = 25%
 Project = 20%
 Quiz = 20%
Note: Percentage can be changed according

to the results of student assessments

Review of Matrices
Definition: A matrix is an array of ordered numbers. A
general matrix consists of mn numbers arranged in m
rows and n columns, giving the following array:
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
a a 22 ... a 2 n 
A   21
 . . ... . 
 
a m1 am2 ... a mn 
It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element, the

lower case letter corresponding to the capital used for
the matrix
Matrix Addition
 Two matrices A and B can be added if they
have the same number of rows (m) and
columns (n)
 It is possible to be able to write:
Ax + Bx = (A+B) x
 If C = A+B, then crs= ars + brs
 Subtraction is treated as negative addition

Multiplication by scalar
 To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, each

element of the matrix is to be multiplied by
the scalar, that is
k [ars] = [(k ars)]

Special matrices
 Row Matrix
If the matrix consists only of elements in a single row. For
example, a 1 x n row matrix is written as:
A=[a1 a2 ... an]
 Column Matrix
A matrix with elements stacked in a single column. The m x 1
column matrix is
 a1 
a 
A 2
 . 
 
 am 
 Square Matrix
When the number of row equals the number of columns

 Unit (or identity ) matrix
Is a square matrix, where all elements are zero
except on the principal diagonal and there they are
units.
It is readily verified that
A I = A, and IA = A
and I . I = I2 = I
Consequently, for n any positive integer
In = I

 Diagonal Matrix,
of which unit matrices are particular cases, have
important properties. For instance:
u 0 0   a b c   ua ub uc 
0 v 0   d e f    vd ve vf 
 
0 0 w  g h k   wg wh wk 
a b c  u 0 0   au bv cw
d e f  0 v 0    du ev fw

 g h k  0 0 w  gu hv kw
 A transpose matrix
◦ A Matrix may be transposed by interchange its
rows and columns. The transpose of the matrix
A is written as AT
 a11 a12 ... a1n   a11 a21 ... an1 
a a22 ... a2 n  a a22 ... an 2 
A   21
A 
T  12
 . . ... .   . . ... . 
   
am1 am 2 ... amn  am1 am 2 ... anm 
 A symmetric matrix
◦ We can verify that AT = A
 Inverse Matrix
◦ The inverse of matrix A is denoted by A-1.
◦ Assume that the inverse exists, then the elements of
A-1 are such that A-1A=I and AA-1=I
 Determinant of a matrix
◦ A determinant is a square array of numbers
enclosed within vertical bars
a11 a12 ... a1n

a21 a22 ... a2 n
A
.
an1 an 2 ... anm
 Find the determinant then the inverse matrices
for the matrices below:
 3 5
A 
  1 2
1 2 3
B   2  1 2
 1  2 1

Element Types
 Spring elements
 Truss elements (plane & 3D)
 Beam elements (2D & 3D)
 Plane Frame
 Plane Stress
 Plane Strain
 Axisymmetrics elements
 Plate
 Shell

Type of element
Beam
Truss
(Tranverse +
(Axial Only) Moment)
Beam in Frame
(Tranverse + Moment
+ Axial)
WHATS ABOUT 3D FRAME?

Node / Point
 Nodes are locations in the structure where

element are connected
Coordinates (TRUSS)
Global coordinates Local Coordinates
 Identify (with a unique  Identify DOF at the

number assigned) each element level
DOF of the structures
in the global
coordinates 2
8 7
2 4 6 1
1 3 5
Global coordinates Local Coordinates
5 8 4
4 7 5
6 9 6
1
3 2 3
1
1 1 0 2
2 1
1
Coordinates (FRAMES)
Degrees of Freedom (DOF)
 Degrees of freedom which is owned by a
structure.
 Each type of element will have a certain amount
and kind of freedom.
 Commonly referred to as 'activity' of the joint

To be able to form a structure stiffness matrix, it is
necessary to determine the 'active' ends of the elements.
Note : 0 = not active; 1, 2, 3, …., =active
 Example
1 2
1
2 3
0
0 0
0 1 2
DOF : 2
Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods
 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis is a method to analyze

the structure with the help of the matrix, which consists of:
stiffness matrix, displacement matrix, and force matrix, by
using the relationship:
{P}= [K]{U}
dimana :
{ P } = force matrix
[ K ] = stiffness matriks
{ U } = displacement matriks
 One of the ways used to solve the above equation, namely

by using the stiffness method.

 On the stiffness method, the unknown variable is
the amount of: deformation node of structure
(rotations and deflection) is certain / sure. Thus the
number of variables in the stiffness method similar
to the degrees of uncertainty of kinematics of
structure.
 The stiffness method is developed from the node

point equilibrium equations written in: "Stiffness
Coefficients" and "Displacement of nodes that are
not known“.

Metode Kekakuan Langsung
(Direct Stiffness Method)
matriks kekakuan
U1, P1 U3, P3
1 {P} =[K]{U}
1 2
U2, P2 U4, P4 gaya perpindahan
P1 K11 K12 K13 K14 U1

P2 K21 K22 K23 K24 U2
=
P3 K31 K32 K33 K34 U3
P4 K41 K42 K43 K44 U4

P1 = K11 . U1 + K12 . U2 + K13 . U3 + K14 . U4
Kesetimbangan gaya di arah U1
P2 = K21 . U1 + K22 . U2 + K23 . U3 + K24 . U4

P3 = K31 . U1 + K32 . U2 + K33 . U3 + K34 . U4

P4 = K41 . U1 + K42 . U2 + K43 . U3 + K44 . U4


 Jika U1 = 1 dan U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :
P1 = K11 ; P2 = K21 ; P3 = K31 ; P4 = K41
Lihat Gambar (a)

P1 = K12 ; P2 = K22 ; P3 = K32 ; P4 = K42
Lihat Gambar (b)

P1 = K13 ; P2 = K23 ; P3 = K33 ; P4 = K43
Lihat Gambar (c)

P1 = K14 ; P2 = K24 ; P3 = K34 ; P4 = K44
Lihat Gambar (d)
U1’ = 1 P1’ = K11
P2’ = K21
P3’ = K31
P4’ = K41
U2’ = 1 P1’ = K12

P2’ = K22
P3’ = K32
P4’ = K42
U3’ = 1 P1’ = K13

P2’ = K23
P3’ = K33
P4’ = K43
U4’ = 1 P1’ = K14

P2’ = K24
P3’ = K34
P4’ = K44
Matrix kekakuan:
K11 K12 K13 K14

K21 K22 K23 K24
K = K31 K32 K33 K34
K41 K42 K43 K44
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
-
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
-
L2 L L2 L
K =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
 - -
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
Matriks Kekakuan -
L2 L L2 L
Gambar (a) (b) (c) (d)

P1+As=0 P2-As=0
Jika pada batang bekerja gaya aksial : s=Ee e(u2 – u1)/L
P1+EA (u2-u1)/L=0
U1’,P1’ U2’,P2’
L, EA
P2-EA (u2-u1)/L=0
EA EA
K11 = K21 = 
L L
U1’= 1 EA
K22 =
L
EA
K12 = -
L U2’= 1
U2, P2 U5, P5
 EA / L  EA / L   u1   P1 U4, P4
U1, P1
 EA / L EA / L 1     2
  u 2   P2 
1
U3, P3 U6, P6
EA  1  1
K   
L  1 1 
For beam with 6 dof
2
5
1 2 4
1
6
3

Stiffness Matrix with Axial Loads
Matriks kekakuan elemen dengan melibatkan gaya aksial :
EA EA
0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
K = 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L
6x6 EA EA
 0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0  - 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L

Macam-macam Beban

Beban (2)

Procedure to solve a problem with ASMM
 Calculate Structure DOF
 Create the stiffness matrix of element [ki]
 Create the objective matrix
 Create the stiffness matrix of structure [Ks]
Where [Ks]=S [ki]
 Calculate the value of action received by the
structure {Ps}
 Calculate {Us}=[Ks]-1 {Ps}
 For each element, specify {ui}
 Forces of element: {pi}=[ki]{ui}+{freaksi}

Example
Sebuah balok statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar
1 1 2 2 3
L, EI L, EI
Menentukan keaktifan ujung-ujung elemen

0 0 0
1 1 2 2 3
0 1 2
Menentukan matriks tujuan DOF : 2 2 rotasi
0 0 0 0
2
1 1 2 3 Matriks kekakuan struktur
0 1 1 2 [ Ks ] 2 x 2
Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen : [ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]

Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :
Elemen 1
0 0 0 1
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
- 0
L2 L L2 L
K1 =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
 - - 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
- 1
L2 L L2 L
Matriks Tujuan { T1 } = { 0 0 0 1 }T
4 EI
0
[ K1 ] = L
2x2 0 0

Elemen 2
0 1 0 2
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
- 1
L2 L L2 L
K2 =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
 - - 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
- 2
L2 L L2 L
4 EI 2 EI
[ K2 ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L

Matriks Kekakuan Global Struktur
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
4 EI 4 EI 2 EI 8 EI 2 EI
0
L L L L L
[ Ks ] = + =
2 EI 4 EI 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 0 0
L L L L
Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

hubungan :
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
dimana :
Us = deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks = kekakuan struktur
Ps = gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)

Untuk contoh di atas, maka :
0 0 1 1
 q L2 q L2
12 12
1
 q L2
12
Ps =
1
q L2
12
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ] -1
8 EI 2 EI
L L
[ Ks ] =
2 EI 4 EI
L L
1 L  4 - 2 L  4 - 2
[ Ks ]-1 =
8 . 4 - 2 . 2 EI - 2  28 EI - 2 8 
=
8
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
1
 q L2
L  4 - 2 12
28 EI - 2 8 
Us =
1
q L2
12
1 1
 q L2 - q L2
L 3 6
Us =
28 EI 1 4
q L2  q L2
6 6
3 q L3
 Rotasi di joint 2
Us = 168 EI
5 q L3
Rotasi di joint 3
168 EI
Deformasi untuk masing-masing elemen
0
U1 1 0
Elemen 1 : U1 = U1 2 = 0
U1 3
3 q L3
U1 4 
168 EI
0
U2 1 3 q L3
U2 2 
Elemen 2 : U2 = = 168 EI
U2 3 0
U2 4 5 q L3
168 EI

Reaksi akibat beban luar :
1 1
0 0 q L2  q L2
12 12
qL qL
qL 2
2
0 2
1
q L2
0 12
PR1 = PR2 =
qL
0
2
0 1
 q L2
12

Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P1 } = [ K1 ] {U1}+ { PR1 }
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 0 0
-
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 0 0
-
L2 L L2 L
P1 = 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI +
 - - 0 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 3 q L3
- 2  0
L2 L L L 168 EI
6
 qL 3
56  qL
28
2
 q L2 
1
q L2
56 28
P1 = 6 =
qL 3
56 qL
28
4 2
 q L2  q L2
56 28
Elemen 2 : { P2 } = [ K2 ]{U2} + { PR2 }
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 0 qL
- 2
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 3 q L3 1
- 2  q L2
L2 L L L 168 EI 12
P2 = 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI + qL
 - - 0
L3 L2 L3 L2 2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 5 q L3 1
- 2  q L2
L2 L L L 168 EI 12
32
qL 16
56 qL
28
4 2
q L2 q L2
56 28
P2 = =
24 12
qL qL
56 28
0 0

Free Body Diagram :
1 2 2
q L2 q L2 q L2
28 28 28 q 0
3 16 12
3 qL qL qL
qL 28 28 28
28
Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :

Bidang D : 16
qL
28
- -
3 3 12
qL qL qL
28 28 28
Bidang M : 2
q L2
28
-
+ +
1
q L2
28
Example 2

Free Body Diagram :
1 2 2
q L2 q L2 q L2
28 28 28 q 0
3 16 12
3 qL qL qL
qL 28 28 28
28
Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :

Bidang D : 16
qL
28
- -
3 3 12
qL qL qL
28 28 28
Bidang M : 2
q L2
28
-
+ +
1
q L2
28
Contoh 2

Example 4

Portal 2D
Sebuah portal statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar
P
B C B C
EI 2
1 1 2
EI L
1 DOF = 2
A A
L/2 L/2
0
Deformasi aksial
diabaikan
Matriks kekakuan struktur
[ Ks ] 2 x 2
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]

Elemen 1
0 1
4 EI 2 EI
0
L L
K1 = 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 L L 1
Matriks Tujuan { T1 } = { 0 1 }T
4 EI
0
L
[ K1 ] =
2x2 0 0
Elemen 2
1 2
4 EI 2 EI
1
L L
K2 = 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 L L 2
4 EI 2 EI
[ K2 ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L

[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
4 EI 4 EI 2 EI 8 EI 2 EI
0
L L L L L
[ Ks ] = + =
0 0 2 EI 4 EI 2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L L L
Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

hubungan :
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
dimana :
Us = deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks = kekakuan struktur
Ps = gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)

Untuk contoh di atas, maka :
0 1 1
 PL PL
8 8
1
 PL
8
Ps =
1
PL
8

-1
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]
8 EI 2 EI
[ Ks ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
L L
1 L  4 - 2 L  4 - 2
[ Ks ]-1 =   =  
8 . 4 - 2 . 2 EI - 2 8 28 EI - 2 8
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks -1] { Ps }
1PL
L  4 - 2 8
Us =  
28 EI - 2 8  1
PL
8

U11 0
Elemen 1 : U1 = =
3 P L2
U12 
112 EI
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ] -1 { Ps }
1
 PL 3 P L2
 4 - 2
L 8
U21 
28 EI  8
Us =
- 2  1 112 EI
8
PL Elemen 2 : U2 = =
5 P L2
U22
1 1
112 EI
 q L2 - q L2
L 3 6
Us =
28 EI 1 4
q L2  q L2
6 6
3 P L2
 Rotasi di joint B
112 EI
Us =
2
5 PL
Rotasi di joint C
112 EI

Reaksi akibat beban luar :
P
0 1 1
PL  PL
8 8
0
Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P1 } = [ K1 ] + { PR1 }
4 EI 2 EI 0 0
L L
P1 = +
2 EI 4 EI 3 P L2
 0
L L 112 EI
3
 PL
56 Hasil perhitungan
P1 = hanya momen saja
6
 PL
56

Elemen 2 : { P2 } = [ K2 ] + { PR2 }
4 EI 2 EI 3 P L2 1
 PL
L L 112 EI 8
P2 = +
2 EI 4 EI 5 PL 2 1
 PL
L L 112 EI 8
6 3
q L2 q L2
56 28 Hasil perhitungan
P2 = = hanya momen saja
0 0

Free Body Diagram :
6
PL P 0
17 56
P 9
28 9
P P
56 56
6
PL 9
56 P
56 17 Dihitung lagi 11
P P
28 28
Bidang D :
17
P + P
28
3 9 Dihitung lagi 11
PL P - P
56 56 28
17
P -
28
9
P
Bidang M : 6 56
PL
56
-
Bidang N :
- + 9
- 56
P
11
PL
56
-
+ 3
PL
56 17
P
28

Contoh 2
P
B C B C
3
EI 2
4 1 2
EI L
1 DOF = 3
A 1 A
L/2 L/2
2
B C
1
2
2 2 3
1 DOF = 3
Matriks kekakuan struktur

[ Ks ] 3 x 3
0 A
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
0
Elemen 1
0 0 1 2
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 0
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
- 0
L2 L L2 L
K1 =
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
 - - 1
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
- 2
L2 L L2 L
12 EI 6 EI
-
L3 L2
[ K1 ] =
6 EI 4 EI
2x2 -
L2 L

Elemen 2
2 3
4 EI 2 EI
2
L L
K2 = 2 EI 4 EI
2x2 L L 3
4 EI 2 EI
[ K2 ] = L L
2 EI 4 EI
2x2
L L

[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]

1 2 2 3
12 EI 6 EI 4 EI 2 EI 12 EI 6 EI
- 2 - 0
L3 L L L L3 L2
[ Ks ] = + =
6 EI 4 EI 2 EI 4 EI 6 EI 8 EI 2 EI
3x3 - 2 
L L L L L2 L L
2 EI 4 EI
0
L L
0
1
Ps =  PL
8
1
PL
8

Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]-1
28 L3 24 L2 12 L2
-
EI EI EI
24 L2 48 L 24 L
[ Ks ]-1 = -
EI EI EI
12 L2 24 L 60L
 -
EI EI EI
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
28 L3 24 L2 12 L2
- 0
EI EI EI
24 L2 1
48 L
-
24 L  PL
Us = EI EI EI 8
1
12 L2 24 L 60L PL
 - 8
EI EI EI
3 P L3
 Dilatasi di joint B
128 EI
Us = 10 P L2
 Rotasi di joint B
128 EI
7 P L2
Rotasi di joint C
128 EI Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 75
U11 0
U12 0
Elemen 1 : U1 =
3 P L3
U1 3

128 EI
6 P L2
U14 
128 EI
6 P L2
U21 
128 EI
Elemen 2 : U2 = =
2 7 P L2
U2
128 EI

Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P1 } = [ K1 ] + { PR1 }
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 0 0
-
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 0 0
P1 = -
L2 L L2 L
+
3
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 3 PL 0
 - - 
L3 L2 L3 L2 128 EI
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 6 P L2
- 2  0
L2 L L L 128 EI
0
3
PL
64
P1 =
0
3
 PL
64
Elemen 2 : { P2 } = [ K2 ] + { PR2 }
4 EI 2 EI 6 P L2 1
 PL
L L 128 EI 8
P2 = +
2 EI 4 EI 7 PL 2 1
 PL
L L 128 EI 8
6 3
PL q L2
128 64 Hasil perhitungan
P2 = = hanya momen saja
0 0

Free Body Diagram :
3
PL P 0
35 64
P
64
3
PL
64
35 Dihitung lagi 29
P P
64 64
Bidang M : 3
PL
64
-
3 +
PL
64 29
PL
128
35
P
64 -
3
PL
64

Bidang D :
35
P + P
64
29
- 64
P
Bidang N :
35
P
64
Deformasi aksial diabaikan

Transformation of Coordinates
2
2’
U2, P2 1’
u2, p2 
u1, p1
1
U1, P1
u3, p3
U3, P3
Koordinat Lokal dan Global

3 3’
u1 C S 0 U1
C = cos 
u2 -S C 0 U2
=
S = sin 
u3 0 0 1 U3

Atau dapat ditulis : u =  U
Dimana :
C S 0
C = cos 
 =
-S C 0
S = sin 
0 0 1
Untuk transformasi sumbu sebuah titik dengan 6 dof dapat ditulis :
u1 U1
u2  0 U2
u3 U3
= U4 [u] = [R] [U]
u4
u5 U5
u6
0  U6 R = matriks rotasi

Transformasi sumbu juga berlaku untuk gaya :
p =  P
P = -1 p -1 = T
P = T p
P1 p1

P2  0 p2
P3 p3
= p4 [ P ] = [ R ]T [ p ]
P4
P5 p5
P6
0  p6 R = matriks rotasi
p = k u ; u = R U
P = RT p P = K U
= RT k u K = RT k R
= RT k R U

Matriks kekakuan elemen untuk 6 dof :
EA EA
0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
k = 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L
6x6 EA EA
 0 0 - 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0  - 0 -
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 -
L2 L L2 L

 0 0 - 0 0
0 12 6L 0 -12 6L
0 6L 4L2 0 -6L 2L2
k =  - 0 0  0 0
0 -12 -6L 0 12 -6L
0 6L 2L2 0 -6L 4L2
Dimana :
EI A L2
 =  =
L3 I
[ K ] = [ R ]T [ k ] [ R ]

[K]=[R]T [k][R]
C -S 0  0 0 - 0 0
0 12 6L 0 -12 6L
S C 0
0
0 0 1 0 6L 4L2 0 -6L 2L2
K = 
C -S 0 - 0 0  0 0
0 S C 0 0 -12 -6L 0 12 -6L
0 0 1 0 6L 2L2 0 -6L 4L2
C S 0
-S C 0
0
0 0 1
C S 0
0 -S C 0
0 0 1

g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4
g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5
g6 -g4 -g5 g7
K =
g1 g2 -g4
g3 -g5
g6
Dimana :
g1 =  (  C2 + 12 S2 ) g5 =  6 L C
g2 =  C S (  - 12 ) g6 =  4 L2
g3 =  (  S2 + 12 C2 ) g7 =  2 L2
g4 = - 6 L S
Sebuah portal seperti gambar, dengan menggunakan transformasi sumbu
hitunglah gaya-gaya dalam yang bekerja
1 E = 30.000 ksi
A = 5 in2
I = 50 in4
L = 10 ft
L= 10 ft 1
q = 1,68 k/ft
M = 14 kft = 168 kin
2
2 3
L = 10 ft
0
1 1
0 2
0 Sumbu Global 3 1 Sumbu Lokal
DOF [ Ks ] 3 x 3
1 1
0 2 5
0
2 1 3 2 5 2 1 3
0 4
2 2
2 3 6 4 3 6
Matriks transformasi batang :
Batang 1 :  = 270o cos 270o = 0
sin 270o = -1
 = 270o C S 0 0 -1 0
1 x
 = -S C 0 = 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
2
x’
Batang 2 :  = 0o cos 0o = 1
sin 0o = 0
C S 0 1 0 0
 = 0o
x
2 3 x’  = -S C 0 = 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

0 -1 0 0 0 0
C S 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
-S C 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1
R1 = =
0 0 0 0 -1 0
C S 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 -S C 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
C S 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
-S C 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1
R2 = =
0 0 0 1 0 0
C S 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 -S C 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1

Matriks kekakuan system struktur
Elemen 1 :
EI 30.000 . 50
1 = 3
 = 0,87
L1 (10 .12) 3
2
A L1 5 . (10 . 12) 2
1 =  = 1.440
I 50
C = 0 ; S = -1
{ T } = { 0 0 0 1 0 2 }T
0 0 0 1 0 2
g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4 0
g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5 0
g6 -g4 -g5 g7 0
K1 =
g1 g2 -g4 1
g3 -g5 0
-g4 g6 2

1 2 3
g1 -g4 0 1
K1 = -g4 g6 0 2
0 0 0 3
g1 =  (  C2 + 12 S2 ) = 0,87 [ 0 + 12 (-1)2 ] = 10,44

g4 = - 6 L S = -0,87 . 6 . 120 (-1) = 626,4
g6 =  4 L2 = 0,87 . 4 . 1202 = 50.112
Sehingga :
10,44 -626,4 0
K1 = -626,4 50.112 0
0 0 0

Elemen 2 :
EI 30.000 . 50
2 = 3
 = 0,87
L1 (10 .12) 3
2
A L1 5 . (10 . 12) 2
2 =  = 1.440
I 50
C = 1 ; S =0
{T}= {1 0 2 0 0 3 }T
1 0 2 0 0 3
g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4 1
g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5 0
g4 g6 -g4 -g5 g7 2
K2 =
g1 g2 -g4 0
g3 -g5 0
g4 g7 g6 3
1 2 3
g1 g4 g4 1
K2 = g4 g6 g7 2
g4 g7 g6 3

g1 =  (  C2 + 12 S2 ) = 0,87 [ 1.440 . 12 + 12 (0)2 ] = 1.252,8
g4 = - 6 L S = -0,87 . 6 . 120 (0) = 0
g6 =  4 L2 = 0,87 . 4 . 1202 = 50.112
g7 =  2 L2 = 0,87 . 2 . 1202 = 25.056
Sehingga :
1.252,8 0 0
K2 = 0 50.112 25.056
0 25.056 50.112
1.263,24 -626,4 0
KS = -626,4 100.224 25.056
0 25.056 50.112

Matriks beban :
8,4 8,4
q = 0,14 k/in
0 0
168 kin 168 kin 168 kin
PS = 168
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
_- 1
1.263,24 -626,4 0 0
US = -626,4 100.224 25.056 168
0 25.056 50.112 0
0,00095 Defleksi horizontal di 2
US = 0,00192 Rotasi di 2
-0,00096 Rotasi di 3
Displacement masing-masing batang (koordinat lokal)
u1 1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
u1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
u1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
u1 = = =
u1 4 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0,00095 0
u1 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0,00095
u1 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0,00192 0,00192
u2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0,00095 0,00095
u2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
u2 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0,00192 0,00192
u2 = = =
u2 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
u2 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
u2 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 -0,0096 -0,0096

Gaya akhir batang :
Elemen 1 :
{ P1 } = [ k1 ] { u1 } + { 0 }
0 0
1,193 k 1,193 k
47,512 kin 3,959 kft

P1 = =
0 0
-1,193 k -1,193 k
95,620 kin 7,968 kft
Elemen 2 :
{ P2 } = [ k2 ] { u2 } + { Faksi }
1,19 k 1,19 k
-7,8 k -7,8 k
-95,84 kin -7,99 kft

P2 = =
-1,19 k -1,19 k
-9 k -9 k
168 kin 14 kft

Free body diagram : 1,193
1,193 k
+
3,959 9
1
+
7,968 kft
1,193 -
7,99 kft q = 1,68 k/ft 14 kft
1,193 k 7,8
1,19 k 1,19 k
2
7,8 k 9k
3,959
+
1,19 - 1,19
- -
+ +
7,99
14
TRANSFORMASI SUMBU
PADA BIDANG MIRING
MEKANIKA TERAPAN
CONTOH SOAL
 A = 50 cm2
 E = 2,1 . 106 kg/cm2
 I = 2100 cm4
• DOF : 4
• [Ks] 4 x 4
MATRIX TRANSFORMASI
BATANG
 ϴ = 45ᵒ
 Cos ϴ = 0.707
 Sin ϴ = 0.707
C S 0 0.707 0.707 0
λ1 = -S C 0 = -0.707 0.707 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
MATRIX TRANSFORMASI
BATANG
 ϴ = 0ᵒ
 Cos ϴ = 1
 Sin ϴ = 0
C S 0 1 0 0
λ2 = -S C 0 = 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
Matrix kekakuan sistem struktur
 Batang 1 0 0 0 1 2 3
g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4 0
[K1] = g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5 0

g6 -g4 -g5 g7 0
g1 g2 -g4 1
g2 g3 -g5 2
-g4 -g5 g6 3
g1 g2 -g4 0 α = EI/L3 = 5,773

[k1] = g2 g3 -g5 0 β = AL2/I = 4286,44
-g4 -g5 g6 0
0 0 0 0
 g1 = α ( β C2 + 12 S2 ) g1 g2 -g4 0
 g2 = α C S ( β - 12 ) [k1] = g2 g3 -g5 0
-g4 -g5 g6 0
 g3 = α ( β S2 + 12 C2) 0 0 0 0
 g4 = -α 6 L S
 g5 = α 6LC
 g6 = α 4 L2
 g7 = α 2 L2
 Batang 2 1 2 3 0 0 4
g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4 1
[K2] = g2 g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5 2

g4 g5 g6 -g4 -g5 g7 3
g1 g2 -g4 0
g2 g3 -g5 0
g4 g5 g7 -g4 -g5 g6 4
g1 g2 g4 g4
α = EI/L3 = 3,528
β = AL2/I = 5952,381
[k2] = g2 g3 g5 g5
g4 g5 g6 g7
g4 g5 g7 g6
 g1 = α ( β C2 + 12 S2 g1 g2 g4 g4
)
[k2] = g2 g3 g5 g5
 g2 = α C S ( β - 12 ) g4 g5 g6 g7
 g3 = α ( β S2 + 12 C2 g4 g5 g7 g6
 g4 = -α 6 L S
 g5 = α 6LC
 g6 = α 4 L2
 g7 = α 2 L2
Persamaan kesetimbangan
{Ps} = [Ks] {Us}
33403,7 12334,4 103,907 0
 [ks] = [k1] + [k2] = 12334,445 12446,036 1,933 105,84
103,907 1,933 768,526 176,4
0 105,84 176,4 352,8
0
 [Ps] -11,25
=
-5,208
5,208
Jika {Ps} = [Ks] {Us} ; maka {Us}
0
33403,7 12334,4 103,907 0
-11,25 = 12334,445
103,907
12446,036
1,933
1,933
768,526
105,84
176,4
{Us}
-5,208
0 105,84 176,4 352,8
5,208
0.00073
 {Us} = -0.0018
-0.0118
0.0211
Displacement tiap batang pada
sistem koordinat GLOBAL
U11 0 0
U12 0 0
{U1 = U13 = 0 = 0
}
U14 Us1 0,00073
U15 Us2 -0,0018
U16 Us3 0,0118
U21 Us1 0,00073
U22 Us2 -0,0018
{U2 = U23 = Us3 = 0,0118
}
U24 0 0
U25 0 0
U26 Us4 0,0211
sistem koordinat LOKAL
λ1 0
{U1} = {U1}
0 λ1
U11 0.707 0.707 0 0 0

U12
U13
-0.707
0
0.707
0
0
1
0 0
0
0
0
U14 = 0.707 0.707 0

0,00073 = -
0.00076
U15 0 -0.707 0.707 0 -0,0018 -0.0018
U16 0 0 1 0,0118 -0.0118
sistem koordinat LOKAL
λ2 0
{U2} = {U2}
0 λ2
U21 1 0 0 0,00073 0,00073

U22 0 1 0
0 -0,0018 -0,0018
=
U23 0 0 1 0,0118 0,0118
U24 1 0 0 0 = 0
U25
U26
0 0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0,0211
0
0,0211
Gaya Batang
{p1} = [k1] {U1} + {f1}
-
4286,44 0 0 0 0 0 18.8
4286,44
0 12 25,46 0 -12 25,46 0 -1.58
0 25,46 72,01 0 -25,46 36 0 -2.19

{p1} = 5,773 =
- -
0 0 4286,44 0 0 -18.8
4286,44 0.00076
0 -12 -25,46 0 12 -25,46 -0.0018 1.58
0 -5,46 36 0 -25,46 72,01 -0.0118 -4.64

Gaya Batang
{p2} = [k2] {U2} + {f2}
- 0,00073
5952,38
0 0 5952,38 0 0 0 15,33
1
1
-0,0018
0 12 30 0 -12 30 6.25 7,16
0,0118
0 30 100 0 -30 50 5,208 4,58
{p1 3,52
= + =
} 8 - 0
5952,38 -
5952,38 0 0 0 0 0
1 15,33
1
0
0 -12 30 0 12 30 6.25 5,34
0,0211
0 -30 50 0 30 100 -5.208 0
Gambar Bidang M, N, D
RANGKA BATANG
 In the Truss Construction (KRB), the calculation of
element stiffness matrix [K] is based on two dimensions
of the truss case. Forces that works just tension and
compression axial only, is the moment and latitude force is
not available.
 Note the picture: a bar elements with area of A and
modulus of elasticity of E is constant. The calculation of
stiffness elements containing only element of A, E and
four-point coordinates, namely: xi, xj, yi and yj.

Inclined Truss Py
,2
P
2
Px
2
,2  Px,1  cos  0 
P    P
 y ,1   sin  0   1
   
 
Py
,1 P
 x,2  0 cos  P2 
P Py , 2   0 sin  
1

Px
,1
1
Inclined Truss
uy
,2
u
2
2
’ ux
2 ,2
uy
,1
u x,1 
v 
u1  cos  sin  0 0   y ,1 
    
u
1
u2   0 0 cos  sin   u x, 2 
’ ux
1
,1 v y , 2 
1
Example:
 A truss structurewith arrangement as shown in the
figure as follows: 10t3
2t 4
600
1
2
4m
 With area of A = 20 cm2

◦ Modulus of elasticity : 2 x 106 kg/cm2
 Question: Calculate the internal forces and deformation shape
y,v
j
c = cos 
j pj
L qj
cui
  d
 i
pi
i ui qi
x,u
Elemen Rangka Batang, dengan sudut Elemen Rangka Batang setelah

 pada bidang xy perpindahan titik ui > 0, titik lain tetap

Pertama, harus menghitung :
L= x j - x i   y j - y i 
2 2
x j - xi
C = cos  =
L
y j - yi
S = sin  =
L
Perpendekan aksial cui menghasilkan gaya tekan aksial
 AE 
F =   cu i
 L 
Dimana : x dan y merupakan komponen dari ;
pi = - pj = Fc
qi = - qj = Fs
Komponen ini menghasilkan kesetimbangan statis, sehingga diperoleh :
C2 pi
CS qi
AE
ui = pj
L -C2
-CS qj

Hasil yang sama juga akan diperoleh dengan cara memberikan perpindahan pada vi,
uj, dan vj, dimana gaya bekerja sendiri-sendiri. Dan jika 4 dof dengan nilai tidak nol
bekerja bersama-sama, dan dengan superposisi masing-masing elemen matriks
kekakuan, dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :
C2 CS -C2 -CS
CS S2 -CS -S2
AE
K =
L -C2 -CS C2 CS
-CS -S2 CS S2

Hubungan matriks kekakuan dengan gaya dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :
[K]{D} ={F}
C2 CS -C2 -CS ui pi
CS S2 -CS -S2 vi qi
AE
=
L -C2 -CS C2 CS uj pj
-CS -S2 CS S2 vj qj
Untuk kasus khusus :

1. Jika nilai  = 0, sebagai batang horizontal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ] 4 x 4
Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :
AE
k11 = k33 = -k13 = -k31 =
L
1 0 -1 0
0 0 0 0
AE
K =
L -1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

1. Jika nilai  = 90, sebagai batang vertikal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ] 4 x 4
Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :
AE
k22 = k44 = -k24 = -k42 =
L
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 -1
AE
K =
L 0 0 0 0
0 -1 0 1

Sebuah Konstruksi Rangka Batang dengan luas A
dan Modulus Elastisitas E yang sama, seperti
pada Gambar
4 3 5
L
4 5 6 7
v
1 u 2
1 3
2
L L
Hitunglah matriks kekakuaan masing-masing elemen

Perumusan untuk mencari nilai matriks kekakuan elemen dengan sudut  :
C2 CS -C2 -CS
CS S2 -CS -S2
AE
K =
L -C2 -CS C2 CS
-CS -S2 CS S2
Batang 1, 2 dan 3 merupakan batang horizontal, sehingga  = 0o

Maka : [ K1 ] = [ K2 ] = [ K3 ]
1 0 -1 0
0 0 0 0
AE
K1 =
L -1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

Batang 4 dan 6 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut  = 60o
Dimana : C = cos 60o = 0,5
S = sin 60o = 0,866
Maka : [ K4 ] = [ K6 ]
0,250 0,433 -0,250 -0,433
0,433 0,750 -0,433 -0,750

AE
K4 =
L -0,250 0,433 0,250 -0,433
-0,433 -0,750 0,433 0,750
Batang 5 dan 7 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut  = 300o

Dimana : C = cos 300o = 0,5
S = sin 300o = -0,866
Maka : [ K5 ] = [ K7 ]
0,250 -0,433 -0,250 0,433
-0,433 0,750 0,433 -0,750

AE
K5 =
L -0,250 0,433 0,250 -0,433
-
0,433 -0,750 0,433 0,750

0.335 0.128 -0.250 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.085 -0.128 0.000 0.000
0.128 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000
-0.250 0.000 0.671 0.000 -0.250 0.000 -0.085 0.128 -0.085 -0.128
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.384 0.000 0.000 0.128 -0.192 -0.128 -0.192
[K]10X10 = A.E 0.000 0.000 -0.250 0.000 0.335 -0.128 0.000 0.000 -0.085 0.128
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.128 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.128 -0.192
-0.085 -0.128 -0.085 0.128 0.000 0.000 0.421 0.256 0.000 0.000
-0.128 -0.192 0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000 0.256 0.384 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 -0.085 -0.128 -0.085 0.128 0.000 0.000 0.421 0.000
0.000 0.000 -0.128 -0.192 0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.384
3.35E-01 1.28E-01 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
1.28E-01 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-2.50E-01 0.00E+00 6.71E-01 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
[K]10X10 = 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 3.35E-01 -1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
-8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 2.56E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01

6.71E-01 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01
0.00E+00 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
-2.50E-01 0.00E+00 3.35E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01
[K]7X7 = -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 2.56E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 0.00E+00
-1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01
1.81E+00 2.85E+00 1.09E+00 -1.68E+00 1.94E+00 1.46E+00 1.67E+00

2.85E+00 -4.26E+00 2.92E+00 6.31E+00 -7.28E+00 -1.25E-01 -2.15E+00
1.09E+00 2.92E+00 4.12E+00 -2.24E+00 2.59E+00 1.94E+00 4.48E-01
-1
[K] 7X7 = -1.68E+00 6.31E+00 -2.24E+00 -3.61E+00 6.12E+00 1.12E+00 3.34E+00
1.94E+00 -7.28E+00 2.59E+00 6.12E+00 -5.77E+00 -1.30E+00 -3.86E+00
1.46E+00 -1.25E-01 1.94E+00 1.12E+00 -1.30E+00 3.03E+00 -2.24E-01
1.67E+00 -2.15E+00 4.48E-01 3.34E+00 -3.86E+00 -2.24E-01 1.94E+00

Matriks Beban { R } {D} = [K]-1 {R}
0 -1.43E+04
-5000 2.13E+04
0 -1.46E+04
{R}7X1 = 0 {D}7X1 = -3.15E+04
0 3.64E+04
0 6.23E+02
0 1.07E+04

Matriks {D} Global Matriks Gaya Dalam
0.00E+00 F1H -0.02

F1V 2500.00
0.00E+00
F2H 0.00
-1.43E+04
2.13E+04 F2V -5000.00
[D]10X1 = F3H 0.00
-1.46E+04
F3V 2500.00
0.00E+00
[F]12X1 = F4H = 0.00
-3.15E+04
F4V 0.00
3.64E+04
F5H 0.00
6.23E+02
F5V 0.00
1.07E+04

Procedure to solve a problem with ASMM
 Calculate Structure DOF
 Create the stiffness matrix of element [ki]
 Create the objective matrix
 Create the stiffness matrix of structure [Ks]
Where [Ks]=S [ki]
 Calculate the value of action received by the
structure {Ps}
 Calculate {Us}=[Ks]-1 {Ps}
 For each element, specify {ui}
 Forces of element: {pi}=[ki]{ui}+{freaksi}

Assemble Element  [Ks]
 2D frame
 2D truss
 2D braced frame

Equilibrium Equations
 Each node as a small connector to which

elements are attached.
 Assembly of elements and load terms produces
a set of equations stating that each node is in
equilibrium.
 [Ks] = S[Ke]
 Loads on structure nodes from element
deformation: {r} = -[k] {d}
STIFFNESS
 k11 k12 .. k1n 
k k 22 .. k 2 n 
ke    21
 .. .. .. .. 
  n adalah jumlah dof (elemen)
k n1 k n 2 .. k nn 
 K11 K12 .. K1m 

K K 22 .. K 2 m 
K S    21
m adalah jumlah DOF (struktur)
 .. .. .. .. 
 
 K m1 K m2 .. K mm 
Table of Asemble
Element DOF
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 - -
2 - 1 2 3 4 -
3 1 2 - - 3 4

Calculate [Ks] - TRUSS

FRAME

BRACED FRAME

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MEKANIKA TERAPAN

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 1

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 Computer Analysis of Structures

Note: Percentage can be changed according

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It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element, the

 Subtraction is treated as negative addition

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 To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, each

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a11 a12 ... a1n

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WHATS ABOUT 3D FRAME?

 Nodes are locations in the structure where

 Identify (with a unique  Identify DOF at the

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Note : 0 = not active; 1, 2, 3, …., =active

 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis is a method to analyze

 One of the ways used to solve the above equation, namely

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 The stiffness method is developed from the node

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U2, P2 U4, P4 gaya perpindahan

P1 K11 K12 K13 K14 U1

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P2 = K21 . U1 + K22 . U2 + K23 . U3 + K24 . U4

P3 = K31 . U1 + K32 . U2 + K33 . U3 + K34 . U4

P4 = K41 . U1 + K42 . U2 + K43 . U3 + K44 . U4

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 Jika U2 = 1 dan U1 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :

 Jika U3 = 1 dan U1 = U2 = U4 = 0 , maka :

 Jika U4 = 1 dan U1 = U2 = U3 = 0 , maka :

U2’ = 1 P1’ = K12

U3’ = 1 P1’ = K13

U4’ = 1 P1’ = K14

K11 K12 K13 K14

Gambar (a) (b) (c) (d)

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Sebuah balok statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar

Menentukan keaktifan ujung-ujung elemen

Menentukan matriks tujuan DOF : 2 2 rotasi

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Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

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Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ] -1

Deformasi untuk masing-masing elemen

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Elemen 1 : { P1 } = [ K1 ] {U1}+ { PR1 }

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Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :

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