Introduction to OSH

TOPIC I: LECTURE 1

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 OBJECTIVES:
1. To describe the discipline and scope of
Occupational Safety and Health
2. To define the basic common terms and
concepts in Occupational Safety and Health.
3. To state the functions and roles of DOSH and
NIOSH
4. To recount the development of Malaysian
OSH History and OSH Law

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TOPIC 1:
DESCRIBE OSH

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 1. DESCRIBE THE MEANING OF OSH?
2. HOW DO YOU DEFINE OSH?
3. WHAT IS OSH?
• is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with
protecting the safety, health and welfare of
people engaged in work or employment.
• encompasses the social, mental and physical
well-being of workers, that is the “whole
person”.

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 WHY DOES OSH IS A CROSS-
DISCIPLINARY AREA?
• Occupational safety and health may involve interaction
among many cognate disciplines, including;

• occupational medicine, • toxicology

• Occupational or industrial hygiene, • epidemiology,
• ergonomics, • industrial relations,
• public health, • public policy,
• safety engineering, • sociology, and
• health physics, psychology.

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 HOW DO YOU DEFINE SAFETY ?
• is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) and
the condition of ,
– being protected against:
• physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional,
occupational, psychological, educational or
• other types or consequences of failure, damage, error,
accidents, harm or
• any other event which could be considered non-desirable.
– being protected from :
• the event or from exposure to something that causes health
or economical losses.

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 HOW DO YOU DEFINE HEALTH?
• is a state;
– of complete physical, mental and social well-being
– the absence of disease or infirmity (physical
weakness, ailment, lack of strength)

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 WHAT IS WELFARE?
• It is the quality of life is the degree of well-
being felt by an individual or group of people.
• It consists of two components:
– physical
• The physical aspect includes such things as health, diet,
and protection against pain and disease.
– psychological
• The psychological aspect includes stress, worry,
pleasure and other positive or negative emotional
states.

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TOPIC 1:
COMMON BASIC TERMS / WORDS
IN OSH

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 5 GOLDEN WORDS IN OSH

• Hazard
• Risk
• Danger
• Accident
• Near miss

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 OSH GOLDEN WORDS!
1. HAZARD
• Anything that can cause harm (e.g. chemicals,
electricity, working from a ladder. etc)

• Any source of potential damage, harm or

adverse health effects on something or
someone.

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 CATEGORY OF HAZARD
TYPE HAZARD

Safety slipping/tripping hazards, inappropriate

machine guarding, equipment malfunctions or
breakdowns.
Biological bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds,
animals, and humans, etc.,
Chemical depends on the physical, chemical and toxic
properties of the chemical,
Ergonomic repetitive movements, improper set up of
workstation, etc.,
Physical radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes
(high pressure or vacuum), noise, etc.,
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 OSH GOLDEN WORDS!
2. RISK
• Is the chance, likelihood or probability of harm
actually being done

• Is the chance or probability that a person will

be harmed or experience an adverse health
effect if exposed to a hazard

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 IDENTIFY THE RISK
TYPE HAZARD LIST THE APPROPRIATE
RISK?
Safety slipping/tripping hazards,
inappropriate machine guarding,
equipment malfunctions or
breakdowns.

Biological bacteria, viruses, insects, plants,

birds, animals, and humans, etc.,
Chemical depends on the physical, chemical
and toxic properties of the
chemical,
Ergonomic repetitive movements, improper
set up of workstation, etc.,
Physical radiation, magnetic fields,
pressure extremes (high pressure
or vacuum), noise, etc.,
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 OSH GOLDEN WORDS!
3. DANGER
• Is the relative exposure to hazard.
• It may show the magnitude of the risk or
hazard.

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 OSH GOLDEN WORDS!
4. ACCIDENT
an unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence
of events, that occurs through a combination of
causes which result in:
a. physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an
individual,
b. damage to property,
c. a near-miss, a loss
d. any combination of these effects.

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 OSH GOLDEN WORDS!
5. A NEAR MISS
• an event which did not result in injury or
damage to property but had the potential to
do so
• shares the same root causes as an accident. It
is only because of chance that no harm or
damage occurred
• needs similar attention as an accident

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 TYPE OF MACHINERY HAZARDS
• Cutting(Memotong ) • Friction and Abrasion
(Mengeser dan
• Shearing(Mericih) melelas )
• Stabbing and • Crushing (Meremuk )
Puncturing (Menusuk • Drawing In (Menarik
ke dalam )
dan Menembus )
• Ejection (Lentingan)
• Impact (Hentaman) • Release of Potential
• Entanglement Energy
(Membebaskan
(Membelit ) tenaga berpotensi )

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 TEST QUESTIONS
• Hazards can be classified into physical,
biological, chemical, ergonomically and
psychosocial. Could you list ONLY the physical
hazards associated with machineries?
• Provide at least 10 examples of machinery
hazards.

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TOPIC 1:
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF DOSH:
DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
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DOSH

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 FUNCTION OF DOSH
• To study and review the policies and legislations of OSH
• To enforce the legislations :
a. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations.
b. Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations.
c. Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its regulations.
• To conduct research and technical analysis on OSH issues.
• To carry out promotional and publicity programs to
employers, workers and the general public to foster and
increase the awareness of OSH.
• As secretariat for the National Council regarding OSH.

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 DOSH ORGANIZATION
• DOSH PROFILE: 10 SECTORS OF INDUSTRIES
• 2 MAIN AREA:
– OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY : 4 DIVISIONS
– OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH: 4 DIVISIONS

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 MAIN DIVISIONS / OSH AREAS
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
• FORENSIC ENGINEERING • OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
• CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT • INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
• INDUSTRIAL HYGINE AND • COSNTRUCTION SAFETY
ERGONOMIC • SME & NON INDUSTRIES
• OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

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 DOSH SERVICES
• STANDARD SETTINGS
• ENFORCEMENT
• PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES
• OTHER ACTIVITIES

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 WHAT ARE THE FOUR BASIC
COMPONENTS OR TYPES OF LAW?
• Act – Akta (Undang-undang tubuh):
– pass by the Parliment
• Regulations –Peraturan:
– Pass by the Parliament
• Order – Arahan:
– Issued by the Minister
• Guidelines – Panduan:
– Issed by Director General (Ketua Pengarah)

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COMPARISON FMA 1967 VS OSHA
1994

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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ACT 1994 (OSHA)
– Is a mixture of two main types/source of
laws:
1. Statutory Law (Undang-undang
Berkanun)
2. Common Law

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 STATUTORY LAW
a. Consist of Acts and Regulations (Parliament)
b. Formulated by the government (Gov. Dept.)
c. Breaching the law is a criminal offence
d. Penalty: Monetary and/or prison sentence
e. Prosecution is only by Government Servants
(e.g. District Attorney/Pendakwaraya) in Criminal
Court (Mahkamah Jenayah)

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 COMMON LAW
a. Resulted from the decisions of court and judges
in a civil court (Mahkahmah Sivil)
b. Injured worker/party allow the to sue the party
that is responsible causing the harm
c. Injured worker/party could request a lawyer
(peguam) for law suit proceedings
d. If plaintiff (yang mendakwa) wins, the
settlement is through monetary fines.

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 LAW OF TORT
– An action that is wrong but can be dealt with in a
civil court rather than a criminal court
– The legal effect of a wrongful act of one party
causing harm to the person, property, reputation
or economic interest of another.
– Tort are civil offences.
• Classification of Tort;
» Nuisance (Gangguan)
» Negligence (Kecuaian) – Tort of Negligence
» Defamation (Fitnah)
» Trespassing (Pencerobohan)

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 VICARIOUS LIABILITY
Tort of Negligence:
– The duty owned by an employer to his employees
is that he must take such care as is reasonable for
the safety of his employees.

Vicarious Liability:
– Arises where an employee or an agent of the
employer has acted negligently and caused injury
to another employee.

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 COMPETENCIES & SERVICES
• LIST OF COMPETENT PERSON
• LIST OF COMPETENT FIRM
• LIST OF COMPETENT TRAINING CENTERS
• 19 ON LINE SERVICES;
– http://mykkp.dosh.gov.my

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TOPIC 1:
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF NIOSH:
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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 FUNCTIONS OF DOSH
• To study and review the policies and legislations of OSH
• To enforce the following legislations :
– a) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations.
b) Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations.
c) Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its
regulations.
• To conduct research and technical analysis on issues related
to OSH at the workplace.
• To carry out promotional and publicity programs to
employers, workers and the general public to foster and
increase the awareness of OSH.
• To become a secretariat for the National Council of OSH

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SERVICE PROVIDER

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 NIOSH BACKGROUND
a. Established in 1992 to enhance OSH in Malaysia under Human Resource
Ministry.
b. Established as a Company Limited by Guarantee under the Malaysian
Companies Act 1965.
c. mainly through:
i. Training and curriculum development in OSH. Examination for Competency Certificate
ii. Consultation in OSH;
iii. Research and Development; and
iv. Information dissemination in OSH.

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Function/ Service provided:
 A. Training Programs
1. OSH Practitioners’ / General OSH
2. Certificated / Competent Persons
 Safety and Health Officer (SHO)
 Authorised Gas Tester (AGT)
 Occupational Health Doctor (OHD)
 Occupational Health Nurse (OHN)
 Industrial Hygiene Technician (IHT)
 Chemical Health Risk Assessor
3. In-house
4. Train the Trainers
5. Safety Passport System
PETRONAS, OSFAM,
SHELL, TNB, Nestle, TM,
TITAN
 C. Research:
Research projects using external
sources / research
grants from government and private
sector; supervision
research projects for students in
higher learning
institutions; and article writing for
 B. Consultancy:
Legal compliance
Chemical health risk assessment
(CHRA), noise exposure
monitoring and dust exposure
monitoring.
Medico-technical services
Laboratory analysis and medical
examination for industrial
workers.
Customized training
On-shelf training module modified
to suit the clients’
requirements.
OSH solutions
Gap analysis
 D. Information and establishment of
Dissemination:
the OSH Management System
OSH Information: Library, website,
publication: newsletter, journal.
Awareness programs: NIOSH
Exhibition Centre, Mobile Exhibition
Team, OSH Talk and Managing
OSH Events / campaigns,
conference, seminar, workshops.
OSH Shop: OSH products such as
books, VCDs, posters, souveniers
and personal protective equipment
are sold here to enable clients to
TOPIC 1
ROLE & FUNCTION OF SOCSO
(PERKESO);
SOCIAL SECURITY ORGANISATION

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 Web Link:
Role of Department of Occupational Safety and National Institute of
Occupational Safety.

1. http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/about-us/dosh-profile
2. http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/enforcement
3. http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/promotional-activities
4. http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/other-activities
5. http://www.niosh.com.my/core-activities/training
6. http://www.niosh.com.my/core-activities/consultation/occupational-safety-
and-health-management
7. http://www.niosh.com.my/core-activities/consultation/industrial-hygiene
8. http://www.niosh.com.my/core-activities/consultation/ergonomics
9. http://www.niosh.com.my/core-activities/consultation/occupational-health
10.http://www.niosh.com.my/core-activities/consultation/occupational-safety
11.http://www.niosh.com.my/course-programmes

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SOCSO (PERKESO)

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 FUNCTIONS OF SOCSO
• Registration of employers and employees
• Collection of contribution from employers and
employees
• Payment of benefits to workers and/or their
dependents when tragedy strikes
• Provision of physical and vocational
rehabilitation benefits
• Promotion of awareness in OSH

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 OSH ACTIVITY IN MALAYSIA
MoHR,
Setting of OSH Policy NCOSH

Standard Setting Regulations

DOSH

DOSH
Enforcement

Training Consultation NIOSH

DOSH, NIOSH, CIDB

Certification
Information Dissemination &
Services, OSH Awareness Promotion DOSH, NIOSH, PERKESO

NIOSH, Private & Public

Research & Development Universities

Compensation PERKESO, Welfare Department

 TEST QUESTIONS
• What are the differences between the role of
National Institute of Occupation Safety (NIOSH) in
Bangi and the Department of Occupational Safety
and Health (DOSH) in Putra Jaya.
• What are the differences between the role of
National Institute of Occupation Safety (NIOSH) in
Bangi and the Department of Occupational Safety
and Health (DOSH) in Putra Jaya.

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TOPIC 1:
HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF OSH

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 Web: OSH Before and During The
Industrial Revolution
• http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/occup
ational-accident-statistics/by-sector
• http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/occup
ational-diseases-and-poisoning-statistic
• http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/natio
nal-occupational-accident-fatality-rate
• http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/about
-us/dosh-profile

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 Web:
- Development in OSH Management between the 1930’s and 1970’s.
- Chronology of OSH Legislation in Malaysia.

1. http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/abou
t-us/dosh-profile
2. http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/abou
t-us/dosh-profile

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 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OSH
MANAGEMENT
• OSH before and during the industrial
revolution
• Development in OSH management between
the 1930’s and 1970’s
• Development of self-regulation legislation
• Modern OSH management

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 TEST QUESTIONS
• Lord Robben has been appointed as the chairman for the Royal
Commission on Safety and Health in the United Kingdom to review
the laws and regulations on safety, health and welfare of workers in
a workplace. Identify the features of Lord Robben Style of
legislation.

• List some of the features of “Robben style” of OSH legislation.

• Lord Robben, Chairman of the Royal Safety Commission in the UK,

found that OSH law need to be revised. What are the main points of
his justification on why OSH law should be revised so that it is ‘self
regulatory’.

• List some of the features of “Robben style” of OSH legislation.

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 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OSH
MANAGEMENT-UK
• Lord Robens, Chairman of a Royal Safety
Commission Report noted that:
– there was too many OSH legislation,
– was fragmented,
– limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace),
– out of date and difficult to update,
– Inflexible (prescriptive),
– People thought that safety was what government
inspectors enforced

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 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OSH
MANAGEMENT-UK
• Features of “Robens style” legislation:
– General duties of care by:
• Employer, employee, self-employed person,
manufacturer, designer, supplier
• Duty of employer to make the workplace safe
– Consultation with employees through Safety
Committees
– Safety Officer as advisor and coordinator
– Improvement and prohibition notices

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 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OSH
MANAGEMENT: MALAYSIA
• Lord Robens recommend “Self regulation”
• Report resulted in the Health and Safety of
Workers At Work Act in the UK in 1974
• Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in
1984
• Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992
Bright Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh.

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CATEGORIES OF THE LAW AT PRESENT:
FIRST CATEGORY

• To control industrial activity or specific chemical substances:

– Mineral Enactment
– Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984
– Pesticides Act 1974
– Petroleum Act (Safety Procedures) 1984
– Electricity Supply Act 1990

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CATEGORIES OF THE LAW AT PRESENT:

SECOND CATEGORY

• Basic and General Laws:

– Factories and Machinery Act 1967
– Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

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PERIODICLE THEME IN SAFETY

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 TEST QUESTIONS
• Define and provide and example for each;
• a. Hazard:
• b. Risk:
• c. Danger:

• Based on the example of a glass bottle of concentrated acid placed at a corner of

laboratory bench, identify the hazard, risk and danger associated with this
situation.

• Define and provide an example for each in the case of a construction worker
crossing a wooden plank while working on a bridge maintenance project.

• Define the terms below and identify appropriately each type of hazard, risk and
danger for the scenario of a glass bottle of concentrated sulphuric acid placed at a
corner of a student’s desk

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