8.6 External Work and Strain Energy ‘The somigrphical methods present in the previo sestons are very sfleive lr fang the dnplamcnts and ops pois Pour bv tortor simple lotings For more complicate nating rforsirotres sch fs tnnace at meni speed a ees melas bese ew th ‘Sompetatons. Mie crery methods re Rad on he roneerion fener rine bch ate atthe nk de by ll he extra ores ating {Sct nsonred int intr wk sin eer. whi fs Ueveloped wien the rctere deform If he mars eli iat set ‘ase the rates erg il tute rr ois nde State when te lous we rowed. The souseran fener principe ean ested rahemaicaly Before developing any of the evesey methads based on this principe Inver, we wil fist determine the eee week rin energy ced tyra force and a moment The Frans to be presen wil provide & tes for andentaing the work and energy eh flow External Work—Force, Wen fer F vee «displacement dr in the some dria the Fw, the wrk dane i Us Fa I the oa Aspacement te work Boconce v= [ra wo CComsider gow the cect caused by a atl Fe ape 1 the end of a bara show in Fig. 8-256. Ache mite of Fis rfl need fom: oie limiting value P= ate final elogstion of Wear bere 2 ifthe terial Tina eles response, then P= (Fe Sobtine Jno Ey, $9. and inert rn Oto. We xe snhich represents the sad mang or "We nay lo coca fn th tht fons is erally api the bur armies ein ro rn owe ae Phe wrk Soe ‘Sexual bth erage force marae (2) tines th Unplacesel (3)Suppose now that Ps already applisd tothe bar and that another force is mon applied, s the bar deflects further by an anennt 8 Fig. 8-25) “The work done hy P (oot F?) when the bar undergoes (he futher deflection ris thon us Py way Here tho work ropresens the shaded rectangular area in Bip. 8 axe P des oot change its magnitude sie As caine nly by ‘work is simply the force mazniude (F) times the displeement (A), In sumnaes, then, shen a force P is applied to the bar. followed by pplication of the Force F’, the cota ork dane by both exces i epreented ‘by the ovangular aren ACE in Fig. 8-255. The ingulr trea ABG represen the Work of P that is caused by its sesplocement A, the trangulararee BCD represen the work af F since tis free causes dlacement an lst, the shod rectangular area RDEG represents the adiional cork dane by B when gisplaced 3” as caused ty F’. External Work—Moment. The work of 1 moment is define! hy the product of de magnitude of the momen! M and the angle di trough which Ie rotates, that Is, dU’ = Md, Fig, 8-26, I the total angle of rotation is radians, the work becomes u- [sri ey As inthe case of fore, if the moment is applied gral to a truture Inwing linear elit response ftom zero WM, tbe work is then v,= 40 15) oseves, ifthe monet is already applied w the structure and the: ladiogs further cistort the structure by an mount thea M rotates Wand the work us = Me onyStrain Energy—Axial Force, When an axial force N is applied grad- ually to the bar in Fig, 8-27, it will strain the material such that the external work done by N will be converted into strain energy, whieh is stored in the bur (Eq. 8-8), Provided the material is diaear elastic, Hooke's law is valid of = Ee, and if the bar has a constant cross-sectional area A and length 2, the normal stress is ¢ = N/A and the final strain is € = A/L. Consequently. N/A = E(A/L), and the final deflection is a= Me (8-15) AE Substituting into Eg, S10, with P = N, the strain energy in the bar is therefore ML DAE (8-16)