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Bab I : Pendahuluan
Bab II : Tinjauan Pustaka
Bab III : Metode Penelitian
Bab IV : Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan
Bab V : Kesimpulan dan Saran
Latar Belakang Permasalahan
Rumusan Permasalahan
•Descriptive Statistics
Collecting and describing data.
•Inferential Statistics
Making decisions based on sample
data.
Descriptive Statistics
•Collect Data e.g. Survey
A Characteristic of a:
Population is a Parameter
Sample is a Statistic.
Inferential Statistics
•Estimation
•Hypothesis
Testing
Data
Categorical Numerical
Discrete Continuous
Data Sources
Primary Secondary
Data Collection Data Compilation
Print or Electronic
Observatio Surve
n y
Experimentation
Types of Sampling Methods
Samples
Non-Probability Probability
Samples Samples
Simple
Random Stratified
Judgement Chunk
Cluster
Systematic
Quota
Probability Samples
Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known probabilities.
Probability
Samples
Simple
Random Systematic Stratified Cluster
Simple Random Samples
•Every individual or item from the
target frame has an equal chance of
being selected.
•Selection may be with replacement or
without replacement.
• One may use table of random numbers
for obtaining samples.
Systematic Samples
• Decide on sample size: n
• Divide population of N individuals into groups of
k individuals: k = N/n
• Randomly select one individual from the 1st group.
• Select every k-th individual thereafter.
N = 64
n=8
First Group
k=8
Stratified Samples
• Population divided into 2 or more groups
according to some common characteristic.
• Simple random sample selected from each.
• The two or more samples are combined into one.
Cluster Samples
• Population divided into several “clusters”,
each representative of the population.
• Simple random sample selected from each.
• The samples are combined into one.
Population
divided
into 4
clusters.
Types of Survey Errors
•Coverage Error Excluded from
selection.
•Sampling Error
Bad Question!
•Measurement Error
Ada empat tipe skala
pengukuran dalam penelitian,
yaitu :
nominal,
ordinal,
interval dan
ratio.
Skala pengukuran nominal digunakan untuk
mengklasifikasikan obyek, individual atau kelompok;
sebagai contoh mengklasifikasi jenis kelamin, agama,
pekerjaan, dan area geografis.
Dalam mengidentifikasi hal-hal di atas digunakan angka-
angka sebagai symbol. Apabila kita menggunakan skala
pengukuran nominal, maka statistik non-parametrik
digunakan untuk menganalisa datanya.
Hasil analisa dipresentasikan dalam bentuk persentase.
Sebagai contoh kita mengklasifikasi variable jenis
kelamin menjadi sebagai berikut: laki-laki kita beri
simbol angka 1 dan wanita angka 2.
Age :
Sex : M/F
Education :
Departement NGO/University/Government/………
Address :
Opportunities Strongly disagree (1) - Strongly agree (5)
1 2 3 4 5
Employment
Madiun