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Alex University Course
Alex University Course
Geological models are created for different purposes, but common to all of them is
the desire to build a representation of the subsurface. Depending on the purpose,
different aspects of the model can be important.
In the case of a regional exploration model, the shape of the structures may be the
most important aspect. Geological models can be used to achieve accurate volume
calculations or to test the effect of different depositional regimes against observed
data. With simulation models, the size and complexity can be the limiting factor
for achieving a model that has a good history match.
Petrel uses a 3D grid to supply the building blocks for the user to create
representations of reality.
3D Grid Concept
In simple terms, a 3D grid divides a model into boxes. Each box is called a grid cell and will have a single rock type,
one value of porosity, one value of water saturation, etc.
This is a simplification of the true case, but allows us to generate a representation of reality that can be used in
calculations, etc.
Grid resolution
The resolution of the grid will be a key decision when building the model. A high resolution
grid (many cells) will allow the modeler to create great spatial complexity, but will result in a
model which has many cells and might be cumbersome to use with each process taking a long
time. A lower resolution grid will have less scope for complexity, but will be quick to work with
and will allow the user to test many possibilities quickly.
The decision will depend on the purpose of the model, the detail and amount of data available.
There is little point in creating a model with higher resolution horizontally or vertically than the
data available for modeling. It is often wise to begin with a coarse model, testing the effects of
changes and then increase the resolution as parameters become more certain.
Grid Structure
The inclusion or exclusion of faults is another key decision in the model building process.
When dealing with simulation, the faults may be critical as flow barriers or conduits and could
be the key control on results. For volume calculations they may also be important in defining
the geometry of the reservoir, however, including faults requires a number of decisions to be
made regarding their inclusion in the grid and will increase the time taken to create the model.
Once faults are included there is also the question of where to stop. Including every discontinuity in
the model would make it unmanageable, and at some point fractures are better modeled as modified
properties as opposed to breaks in structure.
3D Grids in Petrel
3D grids are created in the Corner point gridding or Structural framework modeling processes and
appear on the Models tab.
A 3D grid represents one version of the reservoir geometry but it can contain as many different
properties as required. For example, it may have 5 different porosity property models, each
representing a different interpretation of the reservoir quality.
User interface details
• The file name (project name) and location is displayed in the Title bar. Press and drag the Title bar
to move the Petrel screen on your desktop.
•Menu bar - (Top) Click on any of the Menu bar headings to access a list of dialog boxes, pop-up
menus, commands and features.
•Toolbar - (Top) Tools for commonly accessed commands. These tools are useful shortcuts for
items that can also be found by accessing the Menu bar.
•Function bar - (Right) Process specific functionality. These tools change as different processes
are selected in the Process diagram. Note that there can be two Function bars - one on the right
hand side and one below the Display window.
•Petrel Explorer panes - (Left) A file manager for optimizing all related model data. Consists of
eight panes; Input, Models, Results, Templates, Processes (access to the process in petrel), Cases,
Workflow (automate processes) and windows pane (control the plots and windows in the project).
•Display window - Checked items in Petrel Explorer panes will be displayed in the active Display
window.
•Status bar (message) - (bottom left) Information on processes will be displayed here.
•Status bar (Info) - (bottom right) Shows information of the selected item in the active window.
The "Spin animation" in the 3D display window can be turned off from the Tools Menu, System
Settings. Under the Effects tab there is an option to turn on or off the spin animation. This will now
work for all windows. If the user wants to turn off the spin effect only in particular windows, it's
possible to right click inside the display window, choose Preferences and then click Spin animation
(a small checkbox by the text in the menu indicates if the spin animation is on or off).
Structural modeling in Petrel
Data Import Seismic Well Fault Pillar Zonation and
Correlation Modeling Gridding Layering
Edit Input Data
Intro to Petrel
Import data
Process Manager
What is a model?
A model is a representation of some aspect of reality.
Using a surface or a
constant as the top and
base limit.
Cut, extend or both.
Only selected pillars or all
pillars.
Minimum pillar height.
When to cut the model and when
to cut the sticks
The geometry of the pillars
are complex.
Tasks:
– Build the faults.
– Make connections.
– Cut the model against limits.
Structural modeling – The workflow
”Fault
Modeling”
”Pillar
Gridding”
”Vertical
layering”
Faults that can be modeled in
Petrel
Almost any type of faults can be modeled in Petrel:
Not OK?
Adjust
Skeleton Layering Key
Fault Modeling Pillar Pillars,
Gridding adjust
fault
distance,
or edit
3D grid
OK ? Build 3D model
Failed ? Create
Adjust Key skeleton Skeleton
pillars OK: Insert
Seismic
Skeleton not OK QC Skeleton horizons
1. Repeat Pillar
Gridding or
2. Repeat Fault
Modeling
Fault Modeling - Fault model from Fault sticks
+ Shift
3. Click on ”Create
Faults from fault
sticks”
Tasks:
– Build the boundary.
– Insert trends and directions.
– Decide on the increment in I and J direction.
– Plan the segments.
– Build the mesh grid.
Pillar Gridding - Definitions
Boundary:
Use polygons and/or faults to define
the grid boundary A segment is a faulted
compartment, closed
by faults, trends
and/or a boundary
Trends:
Used as guidance for
the gridding and can be
used as a ”segment
divider”.
A segment contains
Faults: a specific number of
1) Can be given a direction grid cells in X, Y
2) Can be chosen to only work as direction
trend.
3) Can be chosen to not work as
a ”segment divider”.
How to define the boundary - Simple
Display the fault model in a
2D window.
Display other data to
decide on the limits of the
model.
Use the “Create boundary”
tool to digitize a boundary
polygon.
How to define the boundary - Complex
Using existing elements as:
Faults
Trends
Select the element and use
the “Set part of grid
boundary” tool.
Create a new boundary
part by using the “Create
boundary segment” tool.
How to define the boundary – Convert
from polygon
If you have an existing polygon
you want to use as a boundary for
the model.
Activate the Pillar Gridding
Process.
Activate the correct fault
model.
Right click on the polygon in
the input tab.
Select “Convert to Boundary
on the active Fault Model”.
Trends and directions
Trends and directions are used to
guide the gridding process and to
control the orientation of the cells in
the grid.
A-direction I-direction
How to use a trend to control
the grid Trend, I-direction
Set no boundary
Set no fault
1- Grid increment
2- ”Make Zig-Zag
type faults” for
simulation only
3- Create skeleton
The result in a 2D view:
Look for:
Geometry of the cells in I and J
direction.
– Pinch outs.
– Twisted cells.
Grid orientation.
Pillar Gridding – The settings tab
Tolerance distance
Used to decide if a pillar shall be re-
sampled to a less complex pillar.
Pillar Gridding - Expert settings
The Rotation angle gives the user the
opportunity to set the angle of the grid.
Used when no trends and directions for
the faults are given.
Top skeleton
Mid skeleton
Base skeleton
QC of the pillar grid
Before continuing with the zonation is it important to QC the
result after the pillar gridding.
Base reservoir
Make Horizon
Purpose: Generate horizons in the Petrel 3D grid by
incorporating appropriate input data into the
pillar grid that honour the faults.
Input: Gridded surfaces, lines, point data and/or
well tops
Options:
Gridding and extrapolation algorithms
Smoothing
Well adjustment
Solution
Set distance to fault
Fault horizon intersection
line
Edit 3D grid
Before After
adjustments adjustments
Horizon extrapolation - Distance to fault
Distance from fault = 10 Distance from fault = 30
60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50
Horizon extrapolated
along the fault
Fault Fault
Important:
The distance must not exceed
the influence area for the data,
e.g. the fault compartment
Make Horizon – Faults settings
Use default or use the active
fault
Specify distance
By resampling:
Open the settings for the horizon to
be edited and go to Operations tab.
Select resample from 3D grid to Fault
Model and press Resample.
A new Horizon line folder will appear.
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
By resampling:
Display the fault model and the
horizon line in 3D and do the desired
editing.
Select resample from Fault model to
3D grid and press Resample.
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Input polygon:
Have the Fault Modeling Process
active.
Display the fault model and the input
polygon in a 3D window.
Use the Pick/Select tool and select
the input polygon .
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Digitize polygon:
Click on the “Select horizon nodes” icon.
Click on the “Create horizon lines from a
selected polygon on the active fault” icon.
The new horizon line will be added to the
horizon lines folder.
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Digitize horizon line:
Display the fault model in a 3D window.
Click on the “Select horizon nodes” icon.
Activate an existing horizon line or create a
new one.
Decide on creating the the horizon line for
the “front side” or the “back side” of the
fault.
Front
side
Back
side
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Digitize horizon line:
Click on the “Add/move horizon point on
the active horizon” icon.
Start digitize the horizon line.
OK ? Build 3D model
Failed ? Create
Adjust Key skeleton Skeleton
pillars OK: Insert
Seismic
Skeleton not OK QC Skeleton horizons
1. Repeat Pillar
Gridding or
2. Repeat Fault
Modeling
Insert minor faults and
truncations
Truncated faults - Definitions
Truncating Truncated
pillar pillar (Drawn in grey color)
Truncation point
Types of truncated faults
1. Single base truncated
RESULT
Base Skeleton
How to make a truncation
1. Detect the truncating
and truncated faults in the
fault model
2. Make truncating fault
active
N YES
O
How to pillar grid a truncated fault
Mandatory
directions on the Orange arrows
truncated faults. from truncated to
truncating fault.
Optional
direction on the
Yellow arrow at the
truncating fault.
end pillar.
Example of pillar gridding of complex
truncations – truncated and truncating
Recommended trend:
Set trend A-B. Since A-B
is set, set also B-C to get
the best result. Not from C
A to C directly. B
A
Optional trends in
between.
C
A B
Example Pillar Gridding – Both top and base
truncated.
Recommended
trends
Mandatory
direction
Optional trends
Result
Tips on pillar gridding of
truncations
When you have multi top or multi base truncations, try to
align the key pillars so the yellow arrows on top of each other.
N YES
O
Add more complexity into the
model - Part One
Exercise:
Add more complexity with truncations.
Run the Pillar gridding process with truncations.
Self-truncations and editing of the
3D grid
How to make a self truncation
1. Connect truncating 2. Make truncating fault 3. Select the common key
and truncated faults active pillar
How to make a self truncation
4. Press the ”truncate pillar” icon. 5. Set directions and trends in the Pillar
Gridding Process.
Tips on pillar gridding of a self
truncation
Since it’s mandatory with direction on the truncated
fault, you should try to make a distinct shift in
direction.
N YES
O
How to end a truncation
There are four main situations to end a truncation:
Warning!
Manual edits are not easily documented and this will make it
difficult to reproduce the model.
How to edit the 3D Grid on an intersection
1
2
1 2 1 2
3
4 3 4
4
Add more complexity - Part two
Exercise:
Add more complexity.
Run the Pillar Gridding Process for a complex model.
Reverse faults
Reverse faults
Purpose: Understand how to define a reverse fault movement in
Petrel.
Tasks:
– Build the fault model
– Make connections.
– Use multiple input in the Make Horizon Process.
How can Petrel define reverse
faults?
3D Nodes in Petrel grid
Double Z-values
Input #2
Input #1 Input #4
Input #3
The Make Horizon process for
reverse faults
The reverse movement will be defined by the
intersection between the horizonsDistance
andfromthe
faultfault
=Distance
10 plane.
from fault = 30
60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 5060 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50
Input #1
Input #2
How to map the correct input to
the segments
Go to the Segments tab.
For each segment, select
the correct input to use.
Pillar gridding of reverse faults
There are no special
rules for Pillar
Gridding of reverse
faults.
The user have to
follow normal Pillar
Gridding rules and use
the necessary amount
of trends and
directions.
Reverse faulting
Exercise:
Build the model and use the automatic fault
connection.
Run the Pillar Gridding process and define the correct
segments for the input data.
Use multiple input for each horizon in the Make
Horizon process.
Salt domes
Modeling of salt domes in Petrel
Purpose: Learn how to define salt domes in Petrel
Tasks:
– Define the salt.
– Make the horizons.
– Create a hole inside the salt dome.
– Insert zones and sub zones.
How to define the salt in the
salt dome
The salt is defined by using faults as
the border surface.
Define key pillars along the salt
dome using 5 shape point
geometry.
A fault can not be connected to
itself.
– Create two half-circular
faults and connect them.
Before After
Salt domes
Exercise:
Create the salt domes by using five shape points pillars.
Create a hole inside the salt dome in the Make Horizon
process.
Capture Geology, Build a Realistic Facies/Petrophysical Model
Facies Modeling
Data Analysis Pixel based & object based algorithms
Quality control data , perpare input for Best use of each technique to capture
property modeling Histogram , vaiogram geology , Differences between different
& correlation anatysis techniques
Sedimentological Reservior Types
Reservoir Services
Objectives
Q-Reservoir Workflow
RS Operations
Interpretation
Attributes
Inversion
Seismic classification
4D
Role of Reservoir Services
To lead shift toward reservoir solutions
Reservoir Services use processed seismic datasets to
produce reservoir description volumes such as;
Porosity
Water Saturation – the % mix of water &
hydrocarbons
Relative Acoustic Impedance
Primary Impedance
Shear Impedance
Time Lapse difference (4D)
Delta Types
EREX
Delta Types
Wave Dominated
River Dominated
Tide Dominated
Object Facies Modeling
Realistically capture facies architecture and
geometry
Object based with various predefined shapes
Channel and isolated objects fully integrated
Modelling rules
Vertical and lateral trends
Multiple realizations
Channel Modeling
– A special object facies
Channel, levee association
Vertical and lateral trends
Flow-lines and source points
Flexible shapes
For fluvial, deep water and other
channelized facies
1. Defining the geometric framework
of the reservoir Reservoir development
requirements:
Potential
Potential Targets
Targets
DHI DH
I 4.0
Top
Iabe
Trap 5.0
Top salt
2km
6.0
Seismic Interpretation
Meandering channel
Fan deposit
Fan deposit
in profile
Meandering channel
in profile
Channels are
highlighted by
colouring extreme
ends of the
amplitude spectrum
2. Qualitative & quantitative definition
of rock & fluid properties
Reservoir development
requirements:
• Lithology / fluid prediction
• Porosity mapping
• Fracture networks and
permeability
• Saturation / pressure
mapping
Post-stack Acoustic Inversion
1.0
4
1.2
0
0
1.4 0
50
Seconds
Feet
00
1.6
1.0 6
0
1.8 0 4
1.2 7
0 0
0
0
0
1.4 0
0 50
Seconds
Feet
Detailed Stratigraphic 00
Interpretation
1.6
6
0
1.8 0
7
0
0
Improved seismic resolution through acoustic
inversion enables resolution of thin beds in
mature field Marine seismic reveal true extent
of a previously unmapped
reservoir sand body in North Sea
oil field. These sands from the
Brent group are known to be 26
feet thick at the well location.
Process Manager
Agenda:
Introduction to modeling
Pre processing of input data
First approach
Building a complex model
Framework faults
Pillar gridding
Minor faults and truncations
Salt domes
Reverse faults
What is a model?
A model is a representation of some aspect of reality.
Using a surface or a
constant as the top and
base limit.
Cut, extend or both.
Only selected pillars or all
pillars.
Minimum pillar height.
When to cut the model and when
to cut the sticks
The geometry of the pillars
are complex.
Tasks:
– Build the faults.
– Make connections.
– Cut the model against limits.
Structural modeling – The workflow
”Fault
Modeling”
”Pillar
Gridding”
”Vertical
layering”
Faults that can be modeled in
Petrel
Almost any type of faults can be modeled in Petrel:
OK ? Build 3D model
Failed ? Create
Adjust Key skeleton Skeleton
pillars OK: Insert
Seismic
Skeleton not OK QC Skeleton horizons
1. Repeat Pillar
Gridding or
2. Repeat Fault
Modeling
Fault Modeling - Fault model from Fault sticks
+ Shift
3. Click on ”Create
Faults from fault
sticks”
Tasks:
– Build the boundary.
– Insert trends and directions.
– Decide on the increment in I and J direction.
– Plan the segments.
– Build the mesh grid.
Pillar Gridding - Definitions
Boundary:
Use polygons and/or faults to define
the grid boundary A segment is a faulted
compartment, closed
by faults, trends
and/or a boundary
Trends:
Used as guidance for
the gridding and can
be used as a ”segment
divider”.
A segment contains
Faults: a specific number of
1) Can be given a direction grid cells in X, Y
2) Can be chosen to only work as direction
trend.
3) Can be chosen to not work as
a ”segment divider”.
How to define the boundary - Simple
Display the fault model in a
2D window.
Display other data to
decide on the limits of the
model.
Use the “Create boundary”
tool to digitize a boundary
polygon.
How to define the boundary - Complex
Using existing elements as:
Faults
Trends
Select the element and use
the “Set part of grid
boundary” tool.
Create a new boundary
part by using the “Create
boundary segment” tool.
How to define the boundary – Convert
from polygon
A-direction I-direction
How to use a trend to control
the grid Trend, I-direction
Set no boundary
The fault or trend will not
be used as a ”segment
divider”
Set no fault
The fault will be used as a
trend, but will not be
modeled.
How to define number of grid cells
It can be useful to force Petrel to
insert a certain number of cells in
between two faults or trends.
Especially when working with
truncations or faults that have a
high angle relative to each other.
1- Grid increment
2- ”Make Zig-Zag
type faults” for
simulation only
3- Create skeleton
The result in a 2D view:
Look for:
Geometry of the cells in I and J
direction.
– Pinch outs.
– Twisted cells.
Grid orientation.
Pillar Gridding – The settings tab
Tolerance distance
Used to decide if a pillar shall be re-
sampled to a less complex pillar.
Pillar Gridding - Expert settings
The Rotation angle gives the user the
opportunity to set the angle of the grid.
Used when no trends and directions for
the faults are given.
Top skeleton
Mid skeleton
Base skeleton
QC of the pillar grid
Before continuing with the zonation is it important to QC the
result after the pillar gridding.
Base reservoir
Make Horizon
Purpose: Generate horizons in the Petrel 3D grid by
incorporating appropriate input data into the
pillar grid that honour the faults.
Input: Gridded surfaces, lines, point data and/or
well tops
Options:
Gridding and extrapolation algorithms
Smoothing
Well adjustment
Solution
Set distance to fault
Fault horizon intersection
line
Edit 3D grid
Before After
adjustments adjustments
Horizon extrapolation - Distance to fault
Distance from fault = 10 Distance from fault = 30
60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50
Horizon extrapolated
along the fault
Fault Fault
Important:
The distance must not exceed
the influence area for the data,
e.g. the fault compartment
Make Horizon – Faults settings
Use default or use the active
fault
Specify distance
By resampling:
Open the settings for the horizon to
be edited and go to Operations tab.
Select resample from 3D grid to Fault
Model and press Resample.
A new Horizon line folder will appear.
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
By resampling:
Display the fault model and the
horizon line in 3D and do the desired
editing.
Select resample from Fault model to
3D grid and press Resample.
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Input polygon:
Have the Fault Modeling Process
active.
Display the fault model and the input
polygon in a 3D window.
Use the Pick/Select tool and select
the input polygon .
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Digitize polygon:
Click on the “Select horizon nodes” icon.
Click on the “Create horizon lines from a
selected polygon on the active fault” icon.
The new horizon line will be added to the
horizon lines folder.
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Digitize horizon line:
Display the fault model in a 3D window.
Click on the “Select horizon nodes” icon.
Activate an existing horizon line or create a
new one.
Decide on creating the the horizon line for
the “front side” or the “back side” of the
fault.
Front
side
Back
side
Horizon extrapolation - To create and edit
fault-horizon intersection
Digitize horizon line:
Click on the “Add/move horizon point on
the active horizon” icon.
Start digitize the horizon line.
OK ? Build 3D model
Failed ? Create
Adjust Key skeleton Skeleton
pillars OK: Insert
Seismic
Skeleton not OK QC Skeleton horizons
1. Repeat Pillar
Gridding or
2. Repeat Fault
Modeling
Insert minor faults and
truncations
Truncated faults - Definitions
Truncating Truncated
pillar pillar (Drawn in grey color)
Truncation point
Types of truncated faults
1. Single base truncated
RESULT
Base Skeleton
How to make a truncation
1. Detect the truncating
and truncated faults in the
fault model
2. Make truncating fault
active
N YES
O
How to pillar grid a truncated fault
Mandatory
directions on the Orange arrows
truncated faults. from truncated to
truncating fault.
Optional
direction on the
Yellow arrow at the
truncating fault.
end pillar.
Example of pillar gridding of complex
truncations – truncated and truncating
Recommended trend:
Set trend A-B. Since A-B
is set, set also B-C to get
the best result. Not from C
A to C directly. B
A
Optional trends in
between.
C
A B
Example Pillar Gridding – Both top and base
truncated.
Recommended
trends
Mandatory
direction
Optional trends
Result
Tips on pillar gridding of
truncations
When you have multi top or multi base truncations, try to
align the key pillars so the yellow arrows on top of each other.
N YES
O
Add more complexity into the
model - Part One
Exercise:
Add more complexity with truncations.
Run the Pillar gridding process with truncations.
Self-truncations and editing of the
3D grid
How to make a self truncation
1. Connect truncating 2. Make truncating fault 3. Select the common key
and truncated faults active pillar
How to make a self truncation
4. Press the ”truncate pillar” icon. 5. Set directions and trends in the Pillar
Gridding Process.
Tips on pillar gridding of a self
truncation
Since it’s mandatory with direction on the truncated
fault, you should try to make a distinct shift in
direction.
N YES
O
How to end a truncation
There are four main situations to end a truncation:
Warning!
Manual edits are not easily documented and this will make it
difficult to reproduce the model.
How to edit the 3D Grid on an intersection
1
2
1 2 1 2
3
4 3 4
4
Add more complexity - Part two
Exercise:
Add more complexity.
Run the Pillar Gridding Process for a complex model.
Reverse faults
Reverse faults
Purpose: Understand how to define a reverse fault movement in
Petrel.
Tasks:
– Build the fault model
– Make connections.
– Use multiple input in the Make Horizon Process.
How can Petrel define reverse
faults? 3D Nodes in Petrel grid
Double Z-values
Input #2
Input #1 Input #4
Input #3
The Make Horizon process for
reverse faults
The reverse movement will be defined by the
intersection between the horizonsDistance
andfromthe
faultfault
=Distance
10 plane.
from fault = 30
60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 5060 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50
Input #1
Input #2
How to map the correct input to
the segments
Go to the Segments tab.
For each segment, select
the correct input to use.
Pillar gridding of reverse faults
There are no special
rules for Pillar
Gridding of reverse
faults.
The user have to
follow normal Pillar
Gridding rules and use
the necessary amount
of trends and
directions.
Reverse faulting
Exercise:
Build the model and use the automatic fault
connection.
Run the Pillar Gridding process and define the correct
segments for the input data.
Use multiple input for each horizon in the Make
Horizon process.
Salt domes
Modeling of salt domes in Petrel
Purpose: Learn how to define salt domes in Petrel
Tasks:
– Define the salt.
– Make the horizons.
– Create a hole inside the salt dome.
– Insert zones and sub zones.
How to define the salt in the
salt dome
The salt is defined by using faults as
the border surface.
Define key pillars along the salt
dome using 5 shape point
geometry.
A fault can not be connected to
itself.
– Create two half-circular
faults and connect them.
Before After
Salt domes
Exercise:
Create the salt domes by using five shape points pillars.
Create a hole inside the salt dome in the Make Horizon
process.
Capture Geology, Build a Realistic Facies/Petrophysical Model
Facies Modeling
Data Analysis Pixel based & object based algorithms
Quality control data , perpare input for Best use of each technique to capture
property modeling Histogram , vaiogram geology , Differences between different
& correlation anatysis techniques
Sedimentological Reservior Types
RS Operations
Interpretation
Attributes
Inversion
Seismic classification
4D
Role of Reservoir Services
To lead shift toward reservoir solutions
Reservoir Services use processed seismic datasets to
produce reservoir description volumes such as;
Porosity
Water Saturation – the % mix of water &
hydrocarbons
Relative Acoustic Impedance
Primary Impedance
Shear Impedance
Time Lapse difference (4D)
Delta Types
EREX
Delta Types
Wave Dominated
River Dominated
Tide Dominated
Object Facies Modeling
Realistically capture facies architecture and
geometry
Object based with various predefined shapes
Channel and isolated objects fully integrated
Modelling rules
Vertical and lateral trends
Multiple realizations
Channel Modeling
– A special object facies
Channel, levee association
Vertical and lateral trends
Flow-lines and source points
Flexible shapes
For fluvial, deep water and other
channelized facies
1. Defining the geometric framework
of the reservoir
Reservoir development
requirements:
Potential
Potential Targets
Targets
DHI DH
I 4.0
Top
Iabe
Trap 5.0
Top salt
2km
6.0
Seismic Interpretation
Meandering channel
Fan deposit
Fan deposit
in profile
Meandering channel
in profile
Channels are
highlighted by
colouring extreme
ends of the
amplitude spectrum
2. Qualitative & quantitative definition
of rock & fluid properties
Reservoir development
requirements:
• Lithology / fluid prediction
• Porosity mapping
• Fracture networks and
permeability
• Saturation / pressure mapping
1.0
4
1.2 Post-stack Acoustic Inversion 0
0
1.4 0
50
Seconds
Feet
00
1.6
1.0 6
0
1.8 0 4
1.2 7
0 0
0
0
0
1.4 0
0 50
Seconds
Feet
Detailed Stratigraphic 00
Interpretation
1.6
6
0
1.8 0
7
0
0
Improved seismic resolution through acoustic
inversion enables resolution of thin beds in
mature field
Marine seismic reveal true extent
of a previously unmapped
reservoir sand body in North Sea
oil field. These sands from the
Brent group are known to be 26
feet thick at the well location.