Wireless Communication and Networks

Applications of Wireless
Communication
Wireless Communication
Technologies
Wireless Networking and
Mobile IP
Wireless Local Area
Networks
Student Presentations and
Research Papers

Satellite Communication and Networks

http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2012/teWCNms/
 Communication Satellites
 A Communication Satellite can be
looked upon as a large microwave
repeater
 It contains several transponders
which listens to some portion of
spectrum, amplifies the incoming
signal and broadcasts it in another
frequency to avoid interference with
incoming signals.
Motivation to use Satellites
 Satellite Missions

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists [www.ucsusa.org]

 Satellite Microwave Transmission
 Satellites can relay signals over a
long distance
 Geostationary Satellites
• Remain above the equator at a height of
about 22300 miles (geosynchronous
orbits)
• Travel around the earth in exactly the
same time, the earth takes to rotate
Satellite System Elements
 Space Segment
 Satellite Launching Phase
 Transfer Orbit Phase
 Deployment
 Operation
• TT&C - Tracking Telemetry and
Command Station
• SSC - Satellite Control Center, a.k.a.:
 OCC - Operations Control Center
 SCF - Satellite Control Facility
 Retirement Phase
Space Segment
 Ground Segment
 Collection of facilities, Users and Applications

 Earth Station = Satellite Communication Station

(Fixed or Mobile)
 Satellite Uplink and Downlink
 Downlink
• The link from a satellite down to one or more
ground stations or receivers
 Uplink
• The link from a ground station up to a satellite.
 Some companies sell uplink and downlink
services to
• television stations, corporations, and to other
telecommunication carriers.
• A company can specialize in providing uplinks,
downlinks, or both.
Satellite Uplink and Downlink
 Satellite Communication

 When using a satellite for long

distance communications, the
satellite acts as a repeater.
 An earth station transmits the
signal up to the satellite
(uplink), which in turn
retransmits it to the receiving
earth station (downlink).
 Different frequencies are used
for uplink/downlink.

Source: Cryptome [Cryptome.org]

 Satellite Transmission Links
 Earth stations Communicate by
sending signals to the satellite on an
uplink
 The satellite then repeats those
signals on a downlink
 The broadcast nature of downlink
makes it attractive for services such
as the distribution of TV programs
 Direct to User Services

One way Service (Broadcasting) Two way Service (Communication)

 Satellite Signals
 Used to transmit signals and data
over long distances
• Weather forecasting
• Television broadcasting
• Internet communication
• Global Positioning Systems
 Satellite Transmission Bands
Frequency Band Downlink Uplink

C 3,700-4,200 MHz 5,925-6,425 MHz

Ku 11.7-12.2 GHz 14.0-14.5 GHz

Ka 17.7-21.2 GHz 27.5-31.0 GHz

The C band is the most frequently used. The Ka and Ku bands are reserved
exclusively for satellite communication but are subject to rain attenuation
 Types of Satellite Orbits
 Based on the inclination, i, over the equatorial
plane:
• Equatorial Orbits above Earth’s equator (i=0°)
• Polar Orbits pass over both poles (i=90°)
• Other orbits called inclined orbits (0°<i<90°)

 Based on Eccentricity
• Circular with centre at the earth’s centre
• Elliptical with one foci at earth’s centre
 Types of Satellite based Networks
 Based on the Satellite Altitude
• GEO – Geostationary Orbits
 36000 Km = 22300 Miles, equatorial, High latency
• MEO – Medium Earth Orbits
 High bandwidth, High power, High latency
• LEO – Low Earth Orbits
 Low power, Low latency, More Satellites, Small
Footprint
• VSAT
 Very Small Aperture Satellites
• Private WANs
VSATs - Example of Customer
Premises Earth station
 VSATs
 Home receiving systems for DTH service
are also low in cost
 The current generation of low-cost VSATs
introduced since 2002 encourage greater
use of bidirectional data communications
via satellite.
 As terminals have shrunk in size, satellites
have grown in power and sophistication.
 Commercial Satellites
 There are three general classes of
satellites used in commercial service, each
designed for a particular mission and
capital budget:
• Smaller satellites
 provide a basic number of transponders usually in a
single frequency band.
 Satellite operators in the United States, Canada,
Indonesia, and China have established themselves in
business through this class of satellites.
 Measat satellite is example of this class
 The introduction of mobile service in the LEO involves
satellites of this class as well.
 Commercial Satellites

 Measat 1 provides service to Malaysia and

throughout South East Asia
 Commercial Satellites
• Middle range satellites
 Capable of operating in two frequency bands
simultaneously.
 AsiaSat 3C, provides 24 C-band and 24 Ku-
band transponders to the Asia-Pacific
market.
 This increases capacity and decreases the
cost per transponder.
 Some satellites serve specialized markets
such as GEO mobile satellites that connect
directly with specially designed handheld
phones.
 An example of these satellites is Thuraya,
using 12-m antennas.
 AsiaSat 3C

 A hybrid C/Ku band satellite with 48 Transponders

 Thuraya 1

 Thuraya 1 provides high-power mobile satellite links to

handheld terminals. (Courtesy of Boeing Satellite Systems.)
 Commercial Satellites
• Large Satellites
 The trend to use the smallest possible DTH
home receiving antenna and to cover the
largest service area combine to demand the
largest possible spacecraft.
 The total payload power of such satellites
reaches 15 kW, which is roughly 12 times
that of Measat.
 Commercial Satellites
 While most of the money in satellite communications is
derived from the broadcast feature, there are service
possibilities where remote Earth stations must transmit
information back to the hub Earth station.
 Examples of such return link applications include:
• Control signals to change the content of the information being
broadcast (to achieve narrow casting on a broadcast link);
• Requests for specific information or browsing of documents (to
support Internet or intranet services);
• Interactive services to update the record for a particular
customer;
• Point-to-point information that one remote user wishes to
route to another remote user (like e-mail).
 Adding the return link to the network tends to increase the
cost of the remote Earth station by a significant amount
since both a transmitter and controller are required.
 Bandwidth on the forward and return links can be
quantified for specific applications
 Forward and Reverse Link Bandwidth

 The approximate relationship of bandwidth usage between

the forward link (hub transmit) and return link (remote
transmit) in satellite applications.
 Satellite Orbits

 Geosynchronous Orbit
(GEO): 36,000 km above
Earth, includes commercial
and military communications
satellites, satellites providing
early warning of ballistic
missile launch.
 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO):
from 5000 to 15000 km,
they include navigation
satellites (GPS, Galileo,
Glonass).
 Low Earth Orbit (LEO): from
500 to 1000 km above Earth,
includes military intelligence
Source: Federation of American Scientists [www.fas.org] satellites, weather satellites.
Satellite Orbits
 GEO - Geostationary Orbit
 In the equatorial plane

 Orbital Period = 23 h 56 m 4.091 s

= 1 sidereal day*

 Satellite appears to be stationary over any point

on equator:
• Earth Rotates at same speed as Satellite
• Radius of Orbit r = Orbital Height + Radius of Earth
• Avg. Radius of Earth = 6378.14 Km

 3 Satellites can cover the earth (120° apart)

 NGSO - Non Geostationary Orbits

 Orbit should avoid

Van Allen radiation
belts:
• Region of charged
particles that can
cause damage to
satellite
• Occur at
 ~2000-4000 km and
 ~13000-25000 km
 LEO - Low Earth Orbits
 Circular or inclined orbit with < 1400 km
altitude
• Satellite travels across sky from horizon to
horizon in 5 - 15 minutes => needs handoff
• Earth stations must track satellite or have
Omni directional antennas
• Large constellation of satellites is needed for
continuous communication (66 satellites
needed to cover earth)
• Requires complex architecture
• Requires tracking at ground
 HEO - Highly Elliptical Orbits
 HEOs (i = 63.4°) are suitable to
provide coverage at high latitudes
(including North Pole in the
northern hemisphere)
 Depending on selected orbit (e.g.
Molniya, Tundra, etc.) two or
three satellites are sufficient for
continuous time coverage of the
service area.
 All traffic must be periodically
transferred from the “setting”
satellite to the “rising” satellite
(Satellite Handover)
 Satellite Orbits

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists [www.ucsusa.org]

Why Satellites remain in Orbits?
 Advantages of Satellite
Communication
 Can reach over large geographical area
 Flexible (if transparent transponders)
 Easy to install new circuits
 Circuit costs independent of distance
 Broadcast possibilities
 Temporary applications (restoration)
 Niche applications
 Mobile applications (especially "fill-in")
 Terrestrial network "by-pass"
 Provision of service to remote or underdeveloped
areas
 User has control over own network
 1-for-N multipoint standby possibilities
 Disadvantages of Satellite
Communication
 Large up front capital costs (space
segment and launch)
 Terrestrial break even distance
expanding (now approx. size of
Europe)
 Interference and propagation delay
 Congestion of frequencies and orbits
 When to use Satellites
 When the unique features of satellite communications
make it attractive
 When the costs are lower than terrestrial routing
 When it is the only solution
 Examples:
• Communications to ships and aircraft (especially safety
communications)
• TV services - contribution links, direct to cable head, direct
to home
• Data services - private networks
• Overload traffic
• Delaying terrestrial investments
• 1 for N diversity
• Special events
 When to use Terrestrial
 PSTN - satellite is becoming increasingly
uneconomic for most trunk telephony routes
 but, there are still good reasons to use
satellites for telephony such as: thin routes,
diversity, very long distance traffic and remote
locations.
 Land mobile/personal communications - in
urban areas of developed countries new
terrestrial infrastructure is likely to dominate
(e.g. GSM, etc.)
 but, satellite can provide fill-in as terrestrial
networks are implemented, also provide similar
services in rural areas and underdeveloped
countries
 Frequency Bands Allocated to the
FSS
 Frequency bands are allocated to different services at World
Radio-communication Conferences (WRCs).
 Allocations are set out in Article S5 of the ITU Radio
Regulations.
 It is important to note that (with a few exceptions) bands
are generally allocated to more than one radio services.
 CONSTRAINTS
• Bands have traditionally been divided into “commercial" and
"government/military" bands, although this is not reflected in
the Radio Regulations and is becoming less clear-cut as
"commercial" operators move to utilize "government" bands.
 Satellite History Calendar
 1957
• October 4, 1957: - First satellite - the Russian Sputnik 01
• First living creature in space: Sputnik 02
 1958
• First American satellite: Explorer 01
• First telecommunication satellite: This satellite broadcast a taped message: Score
 1959
• First meteorology satellite: Explorer 07

 1960
• First successful passive satellite: Echo 1
• First successful active satellite: Courier 1B
• First NASA satellite: Explorer 08
 April 12, 1961: - First man in space
 1962
• First telephone communication & TV broadcast via satellite: Echo 1
• First telecommunication satellite, first real-time active, AT&T: Telstar 1
• First Canadian satellite: Alouette 1
• On 7th June 1962 at 7:53p the two-stage rocket; Rehbar-I was successfully launched from
Sonmiani Rocket Range. It carried a payload of 80 pounds of sodium and soared to about 130
km into the atmosphere. With the launching of Rehbar-I, Pakistan had the honour of
becoming the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching
after USA, USSR, UK, France, Sweden, Italy, Canada, Japan and Israel.
• Rehbar-II followed a successful launch on 9th June 1962
 1963
• Real-time active: Telstar 2
 1964
• Creation of Intelsat
• First geostationary satellite, second satellite in stationary orbit: Syncom 3
• First Italian satellite: San Marco 1
 Satellite History Calendar
 1965
• Intelsat 1 becomes first commercial comsat: Early Bird
• First real-time active for USSR: Molniya 1A
 1967
• First geostationary meteorology payload: ATS 3
 1968
• First European satellite: ESRO 2B
 July 21, 1969: - First man on the moon

 1970
• First Japanese satellite: Ohsumi
• First Chinese satellite: Dong Fang Hong 01
 1971
• First UK launched satellite: Prospero
• ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications
• INTELSAT IV Launched
• INTERSPUTNIK - Soviet Union equivalent of INTELSAT formed
 1974
• First direct broadcasting satellite: ATS 6
 1976
• MARISAT - First civil maritime communications satellite service started
 1977
• EUTELSAT - European regional satellite
• ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications in the Satellite Service
 1979
• Creation of Inmarsat (International Marine Satellite)
 Satellite History Calendar
 1980
• INTELSAT V launched - 3 axis stabilized satellite built by Ford Aerospace
 1983
• ECS (EUTELSAT 1) launched - built by European consortium supervised by ESA
 1984
• UK's UNISAT TV DBS satellite project abandoned
• First satellite repaired in orbit by the shuttle: SMM
 1985
• First Brazilian satellite: Brazilsat A1
• First Mexican satellite: Morelos 1
 1988
• First Luxemburg satellite: Astra 1A
 1989
• INTELSAT VI - one of the last big "spinners" built by Hughes
• Creation of Panamsat - Begins Service
 1990
• IRIDIUM, TRITIUM, ODYSSEY and GLOBALSTAR S-PCN projects proposed - CDMA designs
more popular
• EUTELSAT II
• On 16 July 1990, Pakistan launched its first experimental satellite, BADR-I from China
 1992
• OLYMPUS finally launched - large European development satellite with Ka-band, DBTV and Ku-
band SS/TDMA payloads - fails within 3 years
 1993
• INMARSAT II - 39 dBW EIRP global beam mobile satellite - built by Hughes/British Aerospace
 1994
• INTELSAT VIII launched - first INTELSAT satellite built to a contractor's design
• Hughes describe SPACEWAY design
• DirecTV begins Direct Broadcast to Home
 1995
• Panamsat - First private company to provide global satellite services.
 Satellite History Calendar
 1996
• INMARSAT III launched - first of the multibeam mobile satellites (built by GE/Marconi)
• Echostar begins Diresct Broadcast Service
 1997
• IRIDIUM launches first test satellites
• ITU-WRC'97
 1999
• AceS launch first of the L-band MSS Super-GSOs - built by Lockheed Martin
• Iridium Bankruptcy - the first major failure?
 2000
• Globalstar begins service
• Thuraya launch L-band MSS Super-GSO
 2001
• XM Satellite Radio begins service
• Pakistan’s 2nd Satellite, BADR-B was launched on 10 Dec 2001 at 9:15a from Baikonour
Cosmodrome, Kazakistan
 2002
• Sirius Satellite Radio begins service
• Paksat-1, was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002
 2004
• Teledesic network planned to start operation
 2005
• Intelsat and Panamsat Merge
• VUSat OSCAR-52 (HAMSAT) Launched
 2006
• CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (Cute-1.7) Launched
• K7RR-Sat launched by California Politechnic University
 2007
• Prism was launched by University of Tokyo
 2008
• COMPASS-1; a project of Aachen University was launched from Satish Dawan Space Center,
India. It failed to achieve orbit.
 Q&A
 ????