GATROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

By Group 4:

Desy Anwar Kusuma W. 131411131010

Lucy Kartika Dewi 131411131031
Rahendra Wahyu A. 131411131046
Retty Merdianti 131411131064
Senja Putrisia F. E. 131411131082
Ridha Cahya Prakhasita 131411131100
Thaliah Jihan N 131411133014
Prasetiya Wahyuni 131411133032
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
1. Mouth
Mechanical digestion in the mouth with mastication,
where the teeth break down into smaller pieces by
chewing and mixing it with saliva.
2. Throat
The throat is part of both the digestive and respiratory
systems and is responsible for coordinating the
functions of breathing and swallowing.
Anatomy & Physiology
3. Pharynx
The pharynx consists of the oropharynx, nasopharinx
and the laryngopharynx. Both structures provide
passageways for food, fluids and air.
4. Esophagus
Peristalsis, coordinated rhythmic contractions of the
muscles, pushes the bolus through the esophagus.
Anatomy & Physiology
5. Abdomen
The first layer mucosa is the innermost layer, and it
consist of an epithelium, the lamina, and the
muscularis mucosae.
The second layer submucosa is a connective tissue with
major blood and lymphatic vessels
The third layer muscularis externa is a thick muscle
and its contraction contributes to major gut motility
The fourth layer serosa is the outermost layer, which
mainly consist of connective tissues and it connects to
the abdominal wall
Anatomy & Physiology
6. Stomach
The peristaltic movement of the stomach mixes the
partially digested food and digestive enzymes into a
semiliquid mass called chyme.
7. Small Intestine
The small intestine begins at the pyloric sphincter and
ends at the ileocaecal junction at the entrance of the
large intestine.
Anatomy & Physiology
8. Large Intestine
The colon consists of three relatively straight
segments-the ascending, transverse, and descending
portions.
9. Pancreas
The pancreas, a gland located between the stomach
and small intestine, is the primary enzyme-producing
organ of the digestive system.
Anatomy & Physiology
10. Liver and Gallbladder

Liver is located in the right side of the abdomen,

inferior to the diaphragm and anterior to the stomach.

Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder, a

small sac cupped in the inferior surface of the liver.
TYPES & CLASSIFICATION
Gastrointestinal system is divided into two parts:
1. Alimentary Canal (Luminal GI)
The alimentary canal includes mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum.
2. Accessory Organs (Hepato-biliary-pancreatic GI)
The accessory organs includes salivary glands
(parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands),
liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
ETIOLOGY
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining due
to either erosion or atrophy. Gatritis may causes
changes within the cells of the stomach lining leading
to malnutrition, lymphoma, or gastric cancer.
Gastritis also cause from Helicobacter pylori
infection.
Acute Gastritis
Acute gastritis has a number of causes, including
certain drugs; alcohol; bacterial, viral, and fungal
infections; acute stress (shock); radiation; allergy and
food poisoning; bile; ischemia; and direct trauma.
Chronic Gastritis
Acute H pylori infection usually is not detected
clinically, but persistence of the organism causes H
pylori chronic gastritis, which is usually
asymptomatic. Symptoms may occur with the
development of complications of chronic H
pylori gastritis.
Atrophic Gastritis
Atrophic gastritis represents the end stage of chronic
gastritis. Atrophic gastritis usually is associated with
either chronic H pylori infection or with autoimmune
gastritis.
Clinical Appearances
Signs and Symtomps
1. Nausea and vomiting
2. Anorexia
3. Epigastric area discomfort
4. Epigastric tenderness on palpitation due to gastric
irritation
5. Bleeding from irritation of the gastric mucosa
Clinical Appearances
Interpreting Test Results
1. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decrease
2. Anemia (iron deficiency) due to chronic, slow
blood loss
3. Fecal occult blood pos n 8jitive
4. Helicobacter pylori shows inflammation, allows
biopsy.