H Y D RO P E R I C A R D I U M

S Y N D RO M E
I N C L U S I O N B O DY
H E PA T I T I S,
ANGARA DISEASE,LITCHI HEART
DISEASE

S U M E E T J YO T I
BVSC & AH
IAAS,TU
INTRODUCTION

Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an adenovirus infection of

poultry characterized by an accumulation of clear, straw-
coloured fluid in the pericardial sac , discoloured liver and
enlarged kidneys, accompanied by intranuclear inclusion
bodies in hepatocytes.
BACKGROUND

• First occurrence was reported in Angara Goth of Karachi

(Pakistan) in August 1987(Khawaja et al.)
• In India, disease was first noticed in the broilers of Jammukashmir in
April 1994.

• On the American continents, the disease was reported in Mexico,

Peru, Ecuador and Chile

• Spread of the disease was also reported in Iraq

BACKGROUND CONTD……

• In Japan, the first outbreak of HPS occurred in 1996,

• In Nepal, this disease was first encountered at Gamcha and Gundu

areas of Bhaktapur district in November 2002.

• Later it spread to Lalitpur, Kabhre, Nuwakot and Dhading districts of

central Nepal
EMERGENCE OF “HYDROPERICARDIUM
SYNDROME” IN BROILERS OF NEPAL
• In the month of June and July 2009, the veterinarians of Chitwan had
experienced an emergence of Hydropericardium Syndrome (Singh
Subir 2009) in Broilers. In accordance with the research, disease has
showed high spread rate with high morbidity and mortality pattern.
The disease has been reported from Nawalparashi, Chitwan and
Makwanpur
• The cases recorded at VTH (IAAS) Rampur, NAL, Bharatpur and by
several field veterinarians reveals that the disease is in increasing
trend.SPORADIC CASES has been reported in Central veterinary
Laboratory Kathmandu.
ETIOLOGY

• Caused by a disease-producing Group I

(Aviadenovirus) adenovirus

• It is a double stranded DNA virus measuring

about 70-75 nm in diameter.

• There are 12 different serotypes of avian

adenovirus, among them serotype 4 and
serotype 8 are most prevalent. FOWL Adenovirus
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

• Mainly broiler birds of 3-6 weeks of age.

• Sporadic occurrences of the syndrome have also been reported

among broiler breeders, commercial layer flocks and pigeons.
TRANSMISSION

• Transmission occurs both vertically (egg transmission) and

horizontally (laterally).

• Horizontal spread of virus by latent carriers may be an important

method of spread among flocks on multi-age farms

• Lack of biosecurity, closeness of multi-age farms, and live-bird

trading increase spread of viral agents.
TRANSMISSION CONTD….

• Faecal contamination of clothes, footwear and equipment including

transport crates and vehicles may spread infection

• Contaminated vaccine in some case may act as a source of infection.

• In addition, virus grows in the nasal and tracheal mucosa, conjunctiva and
kidneys, and therefore virus could be present in other secretions or
excretions (OIE,2000)
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

• Morbidity rate of inclusion body hepatitis ranges from 10-30 %

• Mortality rate in various outbreaks range between 5% and 10%, but

can reach 30%(OIE) . Typically mortality begins at 3 weeks of age,
peaks in 4th and 5th week and is decreased.
PATHOGENESIS
VIRUS ENTERS TO THE BODY VIA VARIOUS ROUTES.

INITIAL MULTIPLICATION OCCURS IN SMALL AND LARGE

INTESTINE.

VIRAEMIA OCCURS WITH SPREADING OF VIRUS TO MANY ORGANS

LIKE LIVER, KIDNEY, RESPIRATORY TRACT, BONE MARROW AND
BURSA.

•VIRUS CAN BE READILY ISOLATED FROM FECES, OCULAR AND

NASAL MUCOSA, BURSA

AFFECTED ORGAN SHOW LESIONS AT VARIOUS DEGREE.

CHICKENS ONCE AFFECTED BECOMES LIFE LONG CARRIER

CLINICAL FINDINGS
• In natural outbreaks of HPS, the affected birds may not exhibit any
clinical signs other than sudden heavy mortality

• Sudden onset of mortality, dullness, mucoid dropping and crowding

with ruffled feathers are some of the
exhibited signs of the disease.

• Decreased albumin level due to liver

damage.

• About 4-6 hours before death, animals

become reluctant to move, debilitated
and lethargic until death.
LESIONS
• Most prominent gross lesion is excessive
accumulation of clear watery/ jelly like,
straw/ amber or green colored fluid in the
pericardial sac

• Pericardium appears transparent and

occasionally cloudy

• Presence of about 3- 20 ml of fluid in the

pericardial sac.

Straw colored fluid in the

pericardial sac
 LESIONS
• Pericardial fat may exhibit yellowish discolouration and petechial
hemorrhages

• Heart appears flabby and its cone is found floating in the pericardial
sac.

• Liver is swollen, pale, friable/mottled and contains large areas of

focal necrotic patches. Occasionally petechiae and echymotic
hemorrhages are found in the liver .

• Kidneys are pale yellow, swollen and friable and contain urate
deposits in the tubules and ureters .

• Lungs are enlarged, congested and edematous with frothy air

passages.
Necrotic focal patches in the liver Swollen liver
DIAGNOSIS
• On the basis of signs and symptoms.(poor diagnostic approach)

• Post mortem lesions

• Histological investigations and detection of intra-nuclear inclusion

bodies in hepatocytes

• Detection of the antigen or virus particles using immunofluorescence

test or electron microscopy

• Isolation and identification of virus by infecting embryonic chick liver

cells.
DIAGNOSIS

• ELISA

• Agar Gel diffusion

• Immunoelectrophoresis

• PCR
TREATMENT

• There is no specific treatment of this disease

• Antibiotics are used to prevent the secondary bacterial infection.

• Iodophore in drinking water (2.5 %) Vegad,J.L, somehow reduces the

mortality .
CONTROL

• It is strictly important to maintain biosecurity to control this disease.

• Breeder flocks should be at least 2 km away from commercial farms.

• Killed or inactivated vaccines should be given which is supposed to

provide 80% protection against the disease.
S TRADE NAME AND CO. COMPOSITION INDICATIONS DOSAGE/ADMI REGIMEN
n NISTRATION

1. H P VAX (KILLED VACCINE) Oil based For the Inject 0.2 7 day old chick
emulsion of protection of ml/bird by s/c
inactivated broiler chicks route
suspension of against HPS
hepatic tissue of
infected bird
2. NOBILIS FAV (KILLED Inactivated For the In broilers,layers broilers:8-15
VACCINE) vaccine protection and breeders: days of age
containing fowl against HPS inject o.5 ml by Layers:16-22
adenovirus 4 s/c or i/m weeks but not
less than 4 weeks
before the onset
of lay
Breeders: at the
age of 8-10 weeks
and second dose
at 16-18 weeks of
age

3. IBH vaccine Inactivated For the Chicks: 0.2 ml Chicks: up to 4

vaccine protection s/c weeks
against HPS Parents: 0.5 ml Parents:
THANK YOU!!!