Seminar on

Mokashi Imrankhan Sherkhan

Guided by: M S Bobji

Importance of Fracture Mechanics in
Tribology

 Wear
 Erosion
 Surface Formation
 Fracture Mechanics approach

Energy Based : Energy release rate(G) and J

integral

Stress Based : Stress intensity factor (K)

Displacement Based : Crack tip opening

displacement (CTOD)
Modes of Crack Propagation
 Energy Approach
Repulsion
Potential Energy

Distance

Bond
Energy
Attraction
Equilibrium
Distance xo

Tension

Cohesive
Bond
Applied Force

Force
Energy

l Distance

k
Compression

+ +

xo
Griffith’s Energy balance approach

•First documented paper on fracture

(1920) Considered as father of
Fracture Mechanics
 Energy Approach Cont…
Surface energy Es = 2(2a B ᵞ)
ᵞ -Surface energy per unit area
B-Thickness of plate
 Energy Approach Cont..
Total PE of Body with crack

U = UE – Uwork + US

Strain Energy

System always try to minimize its PE

Thick plate is more resistant
to fracture or thin?
 J Integral
 J Integral over a closed loop = 0
 Path independent
Displacement Approach
 Displacement Approach

From Hooke’s law, displacement field can be obtained as

2(1  )   1  
cos     sin 2   
r
u KI
E 2 2 2  2 
2(1  )   1  
sin     cos2   
r
v KI
E 2  2   2  2 

where u, v = displacements in x, y directions

  (3  4) for plane stress problems
3  
    for plane strain problems
 1  
Stress Approach
 Stress Intensity Factor

K   a for infinite plate

K    a for other geometry

 can be obtained from : 1. handbook solution

2. approximate method
3. numerical method
 Stress near crack tip

K   3
 x cos [1  sin sin ]
2r 2 2 2

K   3
 y cos [1  sin sin ]
2r 2 2 2

K   3
 xy sin cos cos
2r 2 2 2

 a
 ij f ij ( )
2r

Plastic zone size

Plastic Zone Shapes

plane strain

x
plane stress
 Mixed Loading
n1 n2 n3
 KI   K II   K III 
        1
 K Ic   K IIc   K IIIc 

where KIc, KIIc, KIIIc, ni (i = 1, 2, 3) – parameters that characterize material near the concentrator,
determined experimentally

ni ni
 KI   K II  = 1
    
 K Ic   K IIc 
ni ni
 K II   K III 
     = 1
 K IIc   K IIIc 
 Cont…
ni ni ni
 KI  K  K 
    II    III   1 (1)
 K Ic   K IIc   K IIIc 

Diagrams of the deformed body limiting-equilibrium state the conditions of mixed

(I+II), (I+III) fracture mechanisms

Curve 1 – according to formula (1)

when KIII = 0 and ni = 4, curve 2
according formula (1) when KIII = 0
and ni = 2

Curves 1 and 2 are plotted according

to formula (1) when ni = 4 and ni =2
correspondingly
FATIGUE FRACTURE
 Every Coin has two sides…
 Useful Fracture
 Metal cutting
 Rock cutting in Mining
 “Biting” of candies
 Unwanted Fracture
 Fracture of Liberty ships in World war II
 Fracture of wheels, axles and rails
 Fracture Avoidance with Proper
Use of Material

Pyramid of Egypt Schematic Roman Bridge Design

• The primary construction material prior to 19th were timber, brick and
mortar
• Arch shape producing compressive stress  stone have high
compressive strength
 Fracture Avoidance with Proper Use
of Material (cont’)

• Roof spans and windows were arched to maintain compressive loading

 REFERENCES
A book on “Fracture Mechanics” by Prashant
Kumar
“Introduction to Fracture Mechanics” book by C. H.
Wang
Finite Element Analysis

 Stress analysis near crack

 Quarter point element
 J- integral