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OBSTETRICS
By: Viamarie B. Bulagao, RN
MALE ORGANS DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION
Scrotum A suspended, rugated, skin-covered muscular sac that aids in supporting the testes and regulating
the temperature for sperm survival
Testes To ovoid structures in the scrotum responsible for sperm formation and testosterone secretion
Seminiferous tubules: sperm production
Leydig/interstitial cells: testosterone production
Luteinizing hormone: testosterone release
Androgen-binding protein: responsible for testosterone binding, leasing to sperm formation
Uterine/Cervical Layers:
1. Endometrium; Endocervix: Mucosal lining sensitive to hormonal stimulation, which improves sperm
motility for fertilization. During pregnancy, operculum formation occur at this layer vs. ascending
infections
2. Myometrium – Muscle layer that serves to strengthen the uterus to accommodate the delivery of the
fetus; to constrict tubal junction v. menstrual blood backflow/ regurgitation; and to support the internal
cervical os vs. preterm labor
3. Perimetrium – Adds support and strength to uterine structures
Vagina Organ of intercourse and passageway of sperm to meet the egg cell in the fallopian tube for fertilization;
during delivery, serves ad birth canal
Breast Organ of lactation
Reproductive System Development
Intrauterine Age Development
5 weeks AOG Primitive goal tissue formation (mesonephric/Wolffian and paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts)
7 – 8 weeks AOG Chromosomal Males: Gonodal tissue -> primitive testes and formation of testosterone
Mesonephric Duct: Male reproductive organ
10 weeks AOG Chromosomal Females: no testosterone -> gonodal tissue -> ovaries
Paramesonephric Duct: female reproductive organs (including ALL oocytes)
12 weeks AOG External genitalia formation
Males: Penile shaft elongation; closing or urogenital fold – Urethra
Females: Open urogenital fold – labia minora & majora
34 – 38 weeks AOG Males: testicular descent from pelvic cavity
*if testes do not descent from pelvic cavity, there is an increased risk for testicular cancer
Puberty – stage in life wherein hormone-mediated changes occur to
express secondary sex characteristics in both males and females
Capacitation – Upon sperm approach to the egg, the sperm releases hyaluronidase which dissolves the
protective layer of the egg allowing penetration of one sperm for normal fertilization
Fertilization – Joining of the sperm and the egg; Zygote – Product of fertilization
Zygote travels toward the uterus approx. 3 days. Meanwhile its cells are multiplying.
Zygote ( 1-8cells)
Morula ( 16-50 cells);
Blastocyst (when large cells begin to travel to the periphery, leaving a fluid-filled cell mass; in this form, the
fertilized egg will attach to the thick endometrial lining during the secretory phase); Trophoblasts: Cells on the
blastocyst’s outer ring that will develop into placenta and membranes; Emryoblasts: Inner cell mass that will form
the embryo
Implantation - Contact between the growing fertilized cell and the uterine lining
Apposition - Process by which the fertilized egg brushes the endometrial lining
Embryo – term used for the fertilized egg that has implanted.
• Decidua Basalis – Layer that lies directly below the embryo the trophoblast to the maternal circulation
Decidua • Decidua Capsularis – Layer of the decidua that “encapsulates”/cover the trophoblast
• Decidua Vera – remaining portion of the lining that fuses with the decidua capsularis
Villi • Cytotrophoblasts/Langhan’s layer – serves to protect the fetus from infectious organisms for the first
trimester until the 20th – 24th week of pregnancy.
• Structure that is involves in mediating between maternal and fetal circulation and producing essential
hormone during pregnancy
• hCG – Human Chorionic Gonadotropin – first present for first 100 days
Placenta • Estrogen – responsible for uterine growth and mammary gland development during pregnancy
• Progesterone – responsible for maintaining the endometrial lining of the uterus
• hPL - Human Placental Lactogen – responsible in promoting mammary gland growth and regulating
maternal glucose, protein, and fat levels
• Serves as cushion against pressure on the maternal abdomen which may injure the fetus
Amniotic • Regulates temperature changes conducive for fetal survival
• Supports fetal muscular development by allowing spontaneous movements
Fluid • Serves as support to the umbilical cord against compression, which may compromise
delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
• Serves as pathway to transport oxygen and nutrients to and waste [products from the
fetal circulation to the maternal circulation
• Mostly composed of Wharton jelly, which acts as support for the blood vessels linking the