SOIL SCIENCE

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• Form from existing rocks through fragmentation, transport ( by water) and
recementation.
• Concentrated near the crust’s surface, thus exert a dominant effect on many
soil of the world.
• The Earth's crust is an extremely thin layer of rock that makes up the
outermost solid shell of our planet.
 Example of Sedimentary Rock
SANDSTONES
• sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains cemented together,
typically red, yellow, or brown in color.
(1/16 to 2mm)
 SILTSTONE
• Is a sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range, finer than
sandstone and coarser than claystones. (1/256 to 1/16mm)
 SHALE
• is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes
of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially
quartz and calcite.
• Clastic-denoting rocks composed of broken pieces of older rocks.
• Quartz -a hard white or colorless mineral consisting of silicon dioxide, found widely in igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It is often colored by impurities.
• Calcite- a white or colorless mineral consisting of calcium carbonate. It is a major constituent of
sedimentary rocks such as limestone, marble, and chalk, can occur in crystalline form , and may be
deposited in caves to form stalactites and stalagmites.
SHALE
 CONGLOMERATE
• A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments (> 2
mm) within a matrix of finer grained material.
• Matrix- a mass of fine-grained rock in which
gems, crystals, or fossils are embedded
 LIMESTOES
• Is a sedimentary rock which is often composed of the skeletal fragments of
marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera and mollusks. Its major
materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal
forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). About 10% of sedimentary rocks
are limestones
LIMESTONES
 GYPSUM
• is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the
chemical formula CaSO. 4· 2H2O. It is widely mined and is used as a
fertilizer, and as the main
constituent in many forms
of plaster, blackboard
chalk and wallboard.