 May be defined as any set of coherent

answers to the dilemmas of human

existence that makes the world
meaningful.

 Religion
is how human beings express
their feelings about such ultimate
concerns as sickness or death.
 Religion is also defined in terms of
its social function.

 Religion is a set of beliefs and

practices that pertain to a sacred or
supernatural realm that guides
human behavior and gives meaning
to life among a community of
believers.
1. A belief about the meaning of life
2. A commitment by the individual
and the group to this belief
3. A system of moral practices
resulting from a commitment to this
belief, and
4. A recognition by the proponents of
this belief that is supreme or
absolute.
1. Belief in a deity or in a power
beyond the individual.
2. A doctrine (accepted teaching) of
salvation.
3. A code of conduct
4. The use of sacred stories, and
5. Religious rituals (acts and
ceremonies)
There are three main
philosophical views regarding
the existence of a deity.
1. Atheists
2. Theists
3. Agnostics
 The major religious- Christianity,
Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism
teach a doctrine of Salvation.
 They stress that salvation is the
highest goal of the faithful and one
that all followers should try to
achieve.
 This is a set of moral teachings and
values that all religious have in
some form. Such a code, or ethic
tells believers how to act toward the
deity and toward one another.
They include the acts and
ceremonies by which believers
appeal to and serve God,
deities, or other sacred powers.
1. Religion serves as a means of social
control.
2. It exerts a great influence upon
personality development.
3. Religion allays fear of the unknown.
4. Religion explains events or situations
which are beyond the comprehension of
man.
5. It gives man comfort, strength and hope
in times of crisis and despair.
6. It preserves and transmits knowledge,
skills, spiritual and cultural values and
practices.
7. It serves as an instrument of change.
8. It promotes closeness, love, cooperation,
friendliness and helpfulness.
9. Religion alleviates sufferings from major
calamities.
10.It provides hope for a blissful life after
death.
 Church tends to be large, with inclusive
membership, in low tension with
surrounding society.
 Sect has a small, exclusive membership,
high tension with society.
 Cults are referred to by Stark and
Brainbridge (1985) as the more
innovative institutions and are formed
when people create new religious
beliefs and practices.
1.Audience cults, which are characterized
by doctrines delivered to consumers
via TV, radio or in printed materials.
2. Client cults which have religious leaders
who offer specific services to the
followers.
3. Cult movements which are client cults
that have been enlarged because of
closely-knit organization (San Juan, et.al
2007)
Sacred and Profane

Legitimation of Norms

Rituals

Religious Community
 Sacred refers to phenomena that
are regarded as extraordinary,
transcendent and outside the
everyday course of events- that is,
supernatural.

 Profane refers to all phenomena

that are not sacred
 Religious sanctions and beliefs
reinforce the legitimacy of many
rules and norms in the community.
 Rituals are formal patterns of
activity that express symbolically a
set of shared meanings, in the case
of rituals such as baptism or
communion, the shared meanings
are sacred.
 Religion establishes a code of
behavior for the members, who
belong and who does not. The
participants are likely to think alike,
to act like and, therefore, to be more
comfortable with one another than
with those who do not share their
beliefs.
 Economic Institution refers to any
institutions that is a player in an
economy.

 Thisincludes manufacturer, leaders,

consumers as well as regulators of
an economy.
Asocial science that involves itself
in the study and analysis of
production, distribution as well as
consumption of goods and services.
Manufacturers
Distributors
Consumers
 Human behavior is mainly
concerned with the satisfaction of
material wants. It is centered on the
task of making a living, the most
absorbing interest of man. To that
end, man in all ages and among all
classes struggle to bring about
changes in the environment
 Our mode of living centers on the
acquisition of wealth in order to
satisfy our wants and this aspect of
man’s activity constitutes the field of
economics.
 Examples of economic activity are
earning money, buying goods and
services, putting up a business, or
saving money in a bank.
 Concerned with the specific
economic units of parts that makes
an economic system and the
relationship between those parts. In
microeconomic, emphasis is placed
on understanding the behaviour of
individual firms, industries,
households, and ways in which such
entities interact.(Spencer,1980 as
cited by Javier et al, 2002)
 Concerned with the economy as a
whole, or large segments of it. It
focuses on such problems as the
role of unemployment, the changing
level of prices, the nation’s total
output of goods and services, and
the ways in which government
raises and spends money.
 Microeconomicslooks at the trees,
while macroeconomics looks at the
forest.

 Both categories involve the

construction of theories and
formulation of policies- activities
that are the heart of economics.
 First—what goods and services to
produce and how much.
 In business, a feasibility study
determines whether certain goods
and services becomes profitable or
not in a given market. Investors are
only willing to produce goods and
services which will give them good
profit.
 Second—how to produce good and
services.
 This is a problem of production
technology or methods of
production. As a general rule, goods
and services must be produced in
the most efficient manner. This
means minimum input without
sacrificing quality.
 Third-- for whom are the goods
and services.
 This is the problem of distribution.
Who gets the good like rice, clothes,
shoes, books, and the services such
as education, health services, and
other social services. In most
countries, those who have more
money acquire more goods and
services then the poor.
A government is an institution
entrusted with making and
enforcing the rules of society as
well as regulating relations with
other societies.
 A ruling body must be recognized
as such by the people it purports to
govern.
 The institution which resolves
conflicts that are public in nature
and involve more than a few people.

 Can be city, provincial, national or

even international.
 Supreme Court of the Philippines
defines government as “ that
institution by which an independent
society makes and carries out those
rules of action which are necessary
to enable men to live in a social
state, ore which are imposed upon
the people for that society by those
who possess the power or authority
of prescribing them.”
1. Executive — which proposes and
enforces rules and laws

2. Legislative — which makes rules

and laws

3. Judicial — which adjudicates

rules and laws.
 POLITICS — is the pattern of
human interaction that serves to
resolve conflicts between peoples,
institutions and nations.
 ADMINISTRATION — refers to the
aggregate of persons in whose
hands the reigns of government are
for the time being. The government
is aimed at maintaining a good
social order where the people enjoy
the political and economic
blessings of life in an atmosphere of
justice, freedom, and equality.
1. Monarchy – political system in
which a representative from one
family controls the government
and power is passed on through
the family from generation to
generation.
2. Democracy – a political system in
which citizens periodically choose
officials to run their government.
3. Authoritariarism – a political
system that does not allow citizens
to participate in government.
4. Totalitarism – a political system
under which the government
maintains tight control over nearly
all aspects of the citizens’ lives.
1. Revolution – a violent overthrow
of the government by the citizens.
2. War – armed conflict between
nations or societies.
3. Terrorism – a politically
motivated violent attack on
civilians by an indio or group.
 Divided into two:
1. The constituent functions
2. The ministrant functions
 Contribute to the very bonds of
society and are, therefore,
compulsory.
a. The keeping of order and providing
for the protections of persons and
property from violence and robbery;
b. The fixing of the legal relations
between husband and wife, and
between parents and children;
c. The regulation of the holding,
transmission, and interchange of
property, and the determination of
its liabilities for the debt or for
crime;
d. The determination of contractual
rights between individuals;
e. The definition and punishment for
crimes;
f. The administration of justice in civil
cases;
g. The administration of political
duties, privileges, and relations of
citizen; and
h. The dealings of the State with the
foreign growers, the preservation of
the state from external danger or
encroachment and the advancement
of its international affairs and
interests.
 Are those undertaken to advance
the general interest of society, such
as public works, public charity, and
regulation of trade and industry.
These functions are merely optional.