Array Processing and Table

Handling
CONTENTS:
 SINGLE-LEVEL OCCURS Clauses
 Processing data Stored in an ARRAY
 Using an OCCURS Clause for Table Handling
 Use the SEARCH statement for Table and
Array Processing
 The SEARCH…VARYING Option for
processing PARALLEL Tables
 The SEARCH ALL Statements
 MULTIPLE LEVEL OCCURS Clause
SINGLE-LEVEL OCCURS
Clause
Why OCCURS Clauses are used?
1. Defining a series of input or output fields, each
with the same format.
2. Defining a series of totals in WORKING-
STORAGE to which amounts are added; after
all data is accumulated, the totals can be
printed.
3. Defining a table in WORKING-STORAGE to
be accessed by each input record. With table
we use the contents of some input field to
“look up” the required data in the table.
SINGLE-LEVEL OCCURS
Clause
Defining Fields with an OCCURS Clause:
01 TEMP-REC.
05 TEMPERATURE OCCURS 24 TIMES PIC S9(3).

ONE SPACE IS TYPICALLY

Defining a Subscript: REQUIRED

MOVE TEMPERATURE (2) TO TEMP-OUT

DISPLAY TEMPERATURE (23)
INTRO to SINGLE-LEVEL
OCCURS Clause
SUMMARY OF OCCURS AND SUBSCRIPTS!
1. An OCCURS clause is defined in the DATA
DIVISION to indicate the repeated occurrence
of items in an array that have the same format.
2. A subscript( [1] data-name with numeric, integer value
or [2] a numeric literal with an integer value) is used in
the PROCEDURE DIVISION to indicate which
specific item within the array we wish to
access.
SINGLE-LEVEL OCCURS
Clause Example
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SINGLE-DIMENSION-ARRAYS.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 TEMP-RECORD.
05 TEMPERATURE OCCURS 12 TIMES PIC 9(3)V99.
01 TOTAL-TEMP PIC 9(4)V99.
01 AVG-TEMP PIC 9(4)V99.
01 SUB PIC 99.
SINGLE-LEVEL OCCURS
Clause Example continued
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-PARAGRAPH.
MOVE ZEROES TO TOTAL-TEMP.
PERFORM 500-ADD-RTN VARYING SUB FROM 1 BY 1
UNTIL SUB > 12.
DIVIDE TOTAL-TEMP BY 12 GIVING AVG-TEMP.
DISPLAY AVG-TEMP AT LINE 20 COLUMN 1.
STOP RUN.

500-ADD-RTN.
DISPLAY "ENTER TEMPERATURE ( ) >> " AT LINE SUB
COLUMN 1.
DISPLAY SUB AT LINE SUB COLUMN 20.
ACCEPT TEMPERATURE (SUB) AT LINE SUB COLUMN 28.
ADD TEMPERATURE (SUB) TO TOTAL-TEMP.
PROCESSING DATA STORED
IN AN ARRAY
 Using a VALUE clause to initialize an entire
array to 0.
01 ARRAY-1 VALUE ZERO.
05 TOTALS OCCURS 50 TIMES PIC 9(5).
can also be written as:
01 ARRAY-1.
05 TOTALS OCCURS 50 TIMES PIC 9(5) VALUE ZERO.
 Setting each element to a different value.
01 MONTH-NAMES
VALUE ‘JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC’.
05 MONTH OCCURS 12 TIMES PIC XXX.
PROCESSING DATA STORED
IN AN ARRAY
 Using OCCURS with a VALUE and
REDEFINES clause .
01 MONTH-NAMES.
05 STRING-1 PIC X(36)
VALUE ‘JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC’
05 MONTH REDEFINES STRING-1 OCCURS 12 TIMES PIC XXX.

redefines STRING-1 and enables each three-character abbreviation for months 1 through
12 to be accessed separately using a subscript..
establishes a 36-position constant that contains a three-character abbreviation for each of the
12 months of the year

In either case. MONTH (SUB) contains a three-character month abbreviation.

USING AN OCCUR CLAUSE IN
TABLE HANDLING
A table is a list of stored fields that are looked up
or referenced by the program. It is used in
conjunction with table look-ups (a procedure
that finds a specific entry in the table).

An array stores data or totals to be produced as

output, whereas a table is used for looking up
or referencing data.
USING AN OCCURS Clause
FOR TABLE HANDLING
Why TABLES are Used?
Scenario:
Suppose that a mail-order company ships items
to customers throughout US. A program is
required that (1) reads customer input data
containing billing information and (2) produces
output in the form of bills. Since each county
within the U.S has different local tax structure, a
procedure must be established for calculating
sales tax.
USING an OCCURS Clause for
TABLE HANDLING continued. . .
Two techniques may be employed:
1. The actual sales tax rate may be entered as part
of each input record.
Entering sales tax rate in each input record would be very
inefficient.
 Sales tax rates occasionally change- each time there is a change to a
tax rate in a county, all input records for that county would need to be
changed
 Recording the sales tax rate for each input record means extra
keying. If 100 records all pertain to a single county, we would be
entering the same sales tax rate 1000 times – additional labor and
added risk of input errors.
USING OCCURS Clause for
TABLE HANDLING
2. The sales tax rate may be entered and stored
in a table, which can be referenced for lookup.
This is far the most efficient and effective method for
storing tax rate data than the first method. Input to the
program would consists of two files. The table file with
the sales tax rates corresponding to each county is
entered as the first file and stored in WORKING-
STORAGE. Then the input transaction file is read; for
each input transaction record, we would find or “look
up” the sales tax rate in the table that corresponds to
the county specified in the input record
USING OCCURS Clause for TABLE
HANDLING Example:
RULES FOR USE OF THE
OCCURS CLAUSE
LOOKING UP data in a TABLE Finding a MATCH

See example:USING STORING TABLE IN A WORKING

STORAGE SECTION USING DATA FILE.
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING

The best method for searching a table.

Format:
SEARCH identifier-1
[ AT END imperative-statement1]
WHEN condition1 ]
imperative-statement2 .....
CONTINUE
[END-SEARCH]
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING
We can replace 300-CALC-RTN and 400-INCREMENT-
SUBSCRIPT
300-CALC-RTN.
MOVE CUST-NO-IN TO DL-CUST-NO-OUT
MOVE UNIT-PRICE-IN TO DL-UNIT-PRICE-OUT
MOVE QTY-IN TO DL-QTY-OUT

============================================
SET X1 TO 1
SEARCH TABLE-ENTRIES AT END
MOVE 0 TO WS-SALES-TAX
WHEN ZIP-IN = WS-ZIPXODE(X1)
COMPUTE WS-SALES-TAX ROUNDED = WS-TAX-RATE (X1) *
UNIT-PRICE-IN * QTY-IN
END-SEARCH.
=================================================
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING conttinued
MOVE WS-SALES-TAX TO DL-SALES-TAX.
COMPUTE DL-TOTAL = UNIT-PRICE-IN * QTY-IN + WS-SALES-TAX.
WRITE BILLING-REC FROM DETAIL-LINE AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES.

The identifier used with the SEARCH verb is the table entry
name specified on the OCCURS level, not on the 01 level.
The WHEN clause indicates what action is to be taken
when the condition specified is actually met
With the SEARCH statement, the AT END clause specifies
what should be done if the table has been completely
searched and no matched is found. It is strongly
recommended that always use this optional clause, without
it, the “no match” condition will simply cause the program to
continue with the next sentence.
 USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING
THE INDEXED BY clause and the SEARCH Statement.
When using a SEARCH statement , table entries must be
specified with an index rather than a subscript. An index is
similar to a subscript but it is defined along with the table
entries as part of the OCCURS description.

01 SALES-TAX-TABLE
05 TABLE-ENTRIES OCCURS 1000 TIMES INDEXED BY X1
10 WS-ZIPCODE PIC 9(5).
10 WS-TAX-RATE PIC V999.
 USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING
01 SALES-TAX-TABLE
05 TABLE-ENTRIES OCCURS 1000 TIMES INDEXED BY X1
10 WS-ZIPCODE PIC 9(5).
10 WS-TAX-RATE PIC V999.

The SEARCH statement will perform a table look-up, TABLE-ENTRIES,

the identifier used with the OCCURS and INDEXED BY clauses, is the
item designated with the SEARCH as well. 01 SALES-TAX-TABLE will
not be used with the SEARCH.
The table will be searched and the index automatically incremented until
the condition specified is satisfied or until AT END is met. The AT END
indicates that the table has been completely searched without the
condition being met; that is, no match has been found between an input
field (search argument) and a table entry (table argument).
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING

How INDEXED DIFFERS FROM A SUBSCRIPT

Indexes are processed more efficiently than
subscripts.
A subscript is a field that refers to the number of
the table entry we want to reference.
An index refers to the displacement.
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING

SUBSCRIPT
• Represents an occurrence of an array or table
element
• Defined in a separate working-STORAGE entry
• To change the value of SUB, a subscript, use a
PERFORM . . . VARYING or any of the
following
MOVE 1 to SUB
ADD 1 TO SUB
SUBTRACT 1 FROM SUB
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING

INDEX
• Represents a displacement from the first
address in the array or table
• Defined along with the OCCURS for the array or
table
• To change the value of X1, an index, use
PERFORM … VARYING or any of the following:
SET X to 1
SET X1 UP BY 1
SET X1 DOWN BY 1
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING

MODIFYING THE CONTENTS OF AN INDEX

Format:
SET index-name1 TO
UP BY integer-1
DOWN BY
Example:
Statement Meaning
1. SET X1 TO 1 Move 1 to the X1 index
2. SET X1 UP BY 1 Add 1 to the X1 index
3. SET X1 DOWN BY 1 Subtract 1 from the X1 index
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING

Initializing and INDEX before Using the SEARCH

A SEARCH statement does not automatically

initialize the index at 1 because sometimes we
want to begin searching a table at some point
other than the beginning. Initializing an index at
1 must be performed by a SET statement prior
to the SEARCH if we want to begin each table
look-up with the first entry.
MULTIPLE LEVEL OCCURS

Multiple level OCCURS may be used for

1. Accumulating totals in an array
2. Storing a table for “look-up” purposes.
USE OF THE SEARCH STATEMENT FOR
TABLE AND ARRAY PROCESSING

SET X1 TO 1
SEARCH TABLE-ENTRIES
AT END MOVE 0 TO WS-SALES-TAX
WHEN ZIP-IN = WS-ZIPCODE(X1)
COMPUTE WS-SALES-TAX = WS-TAX-RATE(X1) *
UNIT-PRICE-IN * QTY-IN
END-SEARCH
MOVE
COMPUTE
WRITE
AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES
MULTIPLE LEVEL OCCURS
Clause
Defining a TWO-DIMENSIONAL array(coding 1):
01 TEMPERATURE-ARRAY. MAJOR-level
occurs clause
05 DAY-IN-WEEK OCCURS 7 TIMES.
10 HOURS OCCURS 24 TIMES MINOR-level
occurs clause
15 TEMP PIC S9(3).

This two-dimensional array is established as follows:

1. The arrays will have 7 rows as indicated by the first OCCURS clause.
2. Within this array, each row will have 24 columns, as indicated by the
second OCCURS clause.
3. Each of the elements in this 7 x 24 array will be large enough to hold
three integers, as indicated by the subordinate entry.
MULTIPLE LEVEL OCCURS
Clause
ACCESSING A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY.
Can alternatively (coding 2) written as:
01 TEMPERATURE-ARRAY.
05 DAY-IN-WEEK OCCURS 7 TIMES.
10 HOURS OCCURS 24 TIMES PIC S9(3).

To access any of the element , we use the data-name on

the lowest OCCURS level or any data-name subordinate
to it. Either TEMP (in coding 1) or HOUR (coding 2) could
be used to access the elements of the array.
MULTIPLE LEVEL OCCURS
Clause Example
Suppose we wish to print an average temperature for the entire week.
We need to add all the array entries to a total and divide by 168 (7 x 24) .
We can use nested PERFORMs for this purpose.
800-AVERAGE-RTN.
MOVE 0 TO TOTAL.
PERFORM VARYING DAY-SUB FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL DAY-SUB > 7
PERFORM VARYING HOUR-SUB FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL HOUR-SUB > 24
ADD TEMP (DAY-SUB , HOUR –SUB ) TO TOTAL
END-PERFORM
END-PERFORM.
COMPUTE WEEKLY-AVERAGE= TOTAL/168
WRITE PRINT-REC FROM OUT-REC AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES.
MULTIPLE LEVEL OCCURS
Clause Example Alternative Code
The PERFORM . . . VARYING WITH THE AFTER OPTION
600-AVERAGE-RTN.
MOVE 0 TO TOTAL.
PERFORM 700-LOOP1 VARYING DAY-SUB FROM 1 BY 1
UNTIL DAY-SUB > 7
AFTER HOUR-SUB FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL HOUR-SUB > 24
COMPUTE WEEKLY-AVERAGE= TOTAL/168
WRITE PRINT-REC FROM OUT-REC AFTER ADVANCING 2 LINES.
700-LOOP1.
ADD TEMP (DAY-SUB , HOUR –SUB ) TO TOTAL.

This format is particularly useful for processing multiple-level arrays and tables. The
PERFORM . . VARYING varies the major subscript, and the AFTER clause varies the
minor subscript. Note, however, that for many compilers the AFTER clause requires a
procedure-name1 following the word PERFORM.
END