Unit 8

Uncertainity in AI
 1. Fuzzy Set Theory

• The name “fuzzy set” is derived from the interpretation of the

predicate as implicitly defining a set of its members.
• Fuzzy set theory is a means of specifying how well an object
satisfies a vague description. For example, consider the
proposition “Nate is tall.” Is this true if Nate is 5 feet 5 inch?
• Fuzzy set theory treats Tall as a fuzzy predicate and says that
the truth value of Tall (Nate) is a number between 0 and 1,
rather than being just true or false.
 Membership Function:

• A membership function (MF) is a curve that defines how each

point in the input space is mapped to a membership value (or
degree of membership) between 0 and 1.
Fig: Different types of membership functions
 2. Fuzzy Logic

• Fuzzy logic is a method for reasoning with logical expressions

describing in fuzzy sets.
• Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of
truth" rather than the usual "true or false" (1 or 0) boolean
logic on which the modern computer is based.
• For example, the complex sentence: Tall (Nate) ∧ Heavy
(Nate) has a fuzzy truth value that is a function of the truth
values of its components. The standard rules for evaluating
the fuzzy truth, T, of a complex sentence are:
Fuzzy Operators
 3. Fuzzy Inference

• Fuzzy inference (reasoning) is the actual process of

mapping from a given input to an output using fuzzy
logic.
• Fuzzy inference systems have been successfully
applied in fields such as automatic control, data
classification, decision analysis, expert systems, and
computer vision.
The Architecture of Fuzzy Inference
Systems
 Fuzzy Inference System
• The steps of fuzzy reasoning (inference operations
upon fuzzy IF–THEN rules) performed by FISs are:
1. Fuzzification of the input variables .
2. Application of the fuzzy operator (AND or OR) in the
antecedent .
3. Implication from the antecedent to the consequent.
4. Aggregation of the consequents across the rules
5. Defuzzification
• The rule base and the database are jointly referred to
as the knowledge base.
• a rule base containing a number of fuzzy IF–THEN
rules;
Example is explored in Hands Out