Nuclear models

Models we will consider…

• Independent particle shell model
• Collective models
• Fermi gas model

Our approach…
• Look at data that motivates the model
• Construct a model
• Make and test predictions from the model
Shell Model - data
2p separation energy
(between isotones)

Becomes much smaller after

8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126

2n separation energy
(between isotopes)
 T
Shell Model - data
ARn   + A-4Po
Sudden rise at N = 126

Neutron capture cross section 


Very small  at N = 28, 50, 82, 126

Abrupt change in nuclear radius

R at N = 20, 28, 50, 82, 126
Ravg
 Shell Model - data
T show sharp discontinuities near N,Z of 28, 50, 82, 126

BE for last n added: sharp discontinuities near, 50, 82, 126

e.g., (d,p), (n,), ( ,n), (d,t) reactions

And, the observation of discrete photon energies E

emitted from nuclear de-excitation
 Shell Model
Assume that the nucleons move (independently) in a
potential, V, created by the other nucleons in the nucleus.

Assume that the problem can be addressed by the non-

relativistic Schrodinger quantum mechanics.

Assume that the potential, V, is spherically symmetric and

therefore only a function of r, V(r)
V r   Vo r  R Vo
V r  
V r   0 rR 1 expr  R/ a 

V r   r 2
  Spin-orbit potential Vso rL  s
 Shell Model
Vso rL  s

 
Hˆ , Jˆ 2  0 Hˆ , Jˆz  0

J2  J  J
JLs J 2  j  j  1 2

J 2  L  L  2L  s  s  s Q.M. L2    1 2

J 2  L2  s 2  2L  s s 2  s s  1 2

J 2  L2  s 2
Ls 
2
 n, ,s, j,m j
1
L  s  j  j  1    1  s s  1 2
2 

 good quantum numbers

 Shell Model
 n, ,s, j,m j

Multiplicities -- 2  2  1 = 2 j  1

2 spin states

different

m states different m j states

2  1
Ls  Ls  2
j 1/ 2 j 1/ 2 2
 
Energy difference (splitting) increases with


Shell Model
energy levels
Energy splitting
increases with

Spectroscopic state


multiplicity
 Systematics…
Nucleon Classification Nuclear moments
Number
of known Radio-
A Z N Stable 
stable active
nucleons

I Odd Odd Even 50 50 11 Usually large & pos.

II Odd Even Odd 55 36 4 Usually small, neg.
III Even Odd Odd 4 4 9 Usually positive
IV Even Even Even 165 12 1 Indeterminate
 Nuclear magnetic moments
e
 L*  L L is orbital angular momentum for single nucleon
2M
e
 
*
  1 M is nucleon mass
2M
 *   N   1    N max z-axis projection

 p  2.7928  N
Intrinsic (measured) dipole magnetic moments
 n  1.9131 
N

 N  3.152451 18 18 MeV / gauss N m 1

 e 
   5.788378 18 15 MeV / gauss   M N 1836
 Nuclear magnetic moments
From electron case, you expect to have for this fermion --
 *p  2 N s s  1
Does not agree with measurement
 p  N
 p  2.7928  N
Measured dipole magnetic moments
 n  1.9131  N
 *p
 *p  g p  N s s  1  g p  N
3 gp
2  N s s  1
 p   gp N
1 2 p
gp ; g p  22.7928  = 5.5856
2 N
 Nuclear magnetic moments
And, by the same analysis, one gets --

3  n*
 n*  gn  N s s  1  gn  N gn 
2  N s s  1
 n   gn  N
1 2 n
gn  ; gn  21.9131 = -3.8262
2 N

 p  2.7928  N
Measured dipole magnetic moments
 n  1.9131  N 
g p  5.5856
gn  3.8262
 Nuclear magnetic moments
Consider nuclei with odd A.
Assume that the pairing interaction causes the “core” of paired
nucleons to have net I = 0.
Assume that the induced magnetic dipole moment is due to the
last unpaired nucleon.
Use this to estimate the nuclear magnetic dipole moment -
within this model.
 Nuclear magnetic moments
3 s *gs
 *p  g p  N s s  1  g p  N gs s *
2
* * *
1 g gj g
 p   gp N gj
*
 
2 
* s *gs
s
g
3    s  
 n*  gn  N s s  1  gn  N 

2 j  s j s
1  
 n   gn  N  
2
 
  g N
* *
 g N  1 *j  gN j *  gN j  j  1
   g N  j   g N j
proton : g 1 neutron : g  0
 Nuclear magnetic moments
s *gs
cos j 
* *    j   s 
* 2 * 2 * 2
gs s *
2 * j* * * *
* g gj g

coss j 
* *  s 
* 2
 
 j * 2
 * 2

gj  
2 s* j* * s *gs
s
g
   s  


 j*   * cos  j   s* coss j 
* * * *
j  s j s
 
 
g j  g cos j     
* * * *
 gs s cos s * j *  N
*

 
 * 2   * 2 
      s  
2 * 2
g 
*
 s  g 
g    1 
  s
1 
 2 
   2 
  
2 * 2

 j* 
 
 j
 Nuclear magnetic moments
s *gs
Consider the case: j    s  gs s *

 1   1 
*

 
* g j *
* 2 g g
j  j  j  1        1 *
g j  
 2   2  
 *
  3 s
2 gs
j *
   2  *
s
gs
4     


 
s * 2

3
4
j  s j  s
 
 
 *   * 2 
     
2 2 * 2
g 
*
 s  g   s 
g    1   1

s
  
 2 
   
 
* 2 2 * 2

 j 
 
 j 


1/2
…some algebra happens here… g   g  gs
j j
 Nuclear magnetic moments
s *gs
Consider the case: j    s  gs s *

* * *
1/2 g gj g
 
*
g  g  g s
gj  
j

j 
* s *gs
s
g
  g  j  g I    s  


   g  gs s j  s j s
 
  g  s  

 
But, if I    s 

  g (I 1/2)   s


 Nuclear magnetic moments
s *gs
Consider the case: j    s  gs s *

* * *
1 1/2 g gj g
 
*
g  g  g gj  
j 1
s
j 1 

* s *gs
s
g
 I     s  
  g  g   s   

I  1 j  s j s
 
 
But, if I    s 
 Four cases to consider:
g  I   
  g I   s    both cases shown here for
 2 I  1
 odd proton & odd neutron
 Nuclear magnetic moments
s *gs
gs s *
Proton: g  1,  s   p
* * *
* g gj g
Neutron: g  0,  s   n gj  

   s
j  * s *gs
s
g
   s  


   g (I 1/2)   s j  s j s
 
 
j    s
  
 g  I 
  g I   s   
 
2 I  1
