1.

For Categorical Data

Calculate the total number of responses and then
divide the number in each category by the total.
These are called a relative frequency statistics or
percentages or shares as called by many. The
sum should be 100%.
“What do you like most about our product?”
Answer Responses Share
Fast customer service 30 30%
Ease of Use 40 40%
Quality 16 16%
Quantity 14 14%

100 100%
2. For Ordinal Data
create a simple relative frequency table and allow
the end‐user to see the distribution of the results
directly.
Don’t do this:
Not Somewhat Very
Neutral Important Average
Important Important Important
1x3=3 2 x 60 = 120 3 x 5 = 15 4x2=8 5 x 30 = 150 2.96
3% (3) 60% (60) 5% (5) 2% (2) 30% (30) 30% (30)

Do this instead:
Not Somewhat Very
Neutral Important
Important Important Important

3% (3) 60% (60) 5% (5) 2% (2) 30% (30)

(30)
3. Interval Data
Treat interval data as ordinal data if the
intervals are even, otherwise treat it as
nominal data and use a contingency table
for summary.
4. Ratio Data
Using ratio data is rich enough to support
averages as it gives a measure of where
the data is centered (measures of central
tendencies) and dispersion (standard
deviation).
1. Focus on the High‐Points
2. Respect your surveys Limits of
Precision
3. Know when to use Tables and Graphs

Rule: Prepare a simple report that talks

clearly. Do not use huge tables and
charts that bombard the readers, instead
create a diverging bar chart. Be faithful to
the results of the survey.
Mechanics for “Stand by the True”: All
learners are participants. Teacher will ask
questions answerable by True or False.
There will be two spots assigned in the
room – learners who think the answer is
True goes to the assigned spot and those
who think otherwise go to the False spot.
The class will have 5 seconds to make up
their mind what spot to go. Teachers asks
10 questions:
1. Accounting is the process of keeping
accounts.
2. An Accountant should know how to
perform computer applications to prepare
data in tables.
3. Excel is one popular bedsheet for
accounting work.
4. A spreadsheet is an application to
visualize data through tables.
5. Bar chart is the same as histogram.
6. Accounting is a part of Bookkeeping.
7. The complete list of all stocks is
called Invention.
8. Asset is equals to Liability plus
Equality.
9. In Excel, Summation is represented
by the Greek symbol Delta.
10. In Excel, Cell is the intersection
between a row and a column.
Definition of terms:
Accounting - is the process
involving recording, interpreting,
classifying, analyzing, reporting and
summarizing financial data.
Bookkeeping - is the process of
recording financial transactions.
Recording financial transactions is
the first part of and the foundation
of the accounting process.
Inventory - is the complete list of
items such as property, goods in
stock or the contents of a building.
Balance Sheet - is a financial statement
that summarizes a company’s assets,
liabilities and shareholders’ equity at a
specific point in time.
Income Statement - is a financial
statement that reports a company’s financial
performance over a specific accounting
period.
Using Spreadsheets: a hands‐on
lecture and discussion on the following:

a) Entering a content i.e., name or

number in a cell.
b) Making a table with a number of
rows and columns.
c) Entering a table header.
d) Adjusting the columns and rows.
e) Merging columns and rows.