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HUMAN POLYMORPHISMS
pendahuluan
► We are all defference
But
► Kita diobati dengan obat & metode yang
sama
► Trial and error
implikasi
► Miliaranrupiah dibelanjakan untuk
pengobtan yang tidak efektif
► Reaksi serius >>2,2 juta, dengan
kematian >100.000
Limitasi pharmacothreatment
► Mengapa pengobatan efektif pada
seseorang sementara tidak efektif pada
yang lain?
► Mengapa seseorang menderita ADR
sementara yang lain tidak?
7% of patients are hospitalized due to adverse drug
events
JAMA 1998, 279:1200-1205
• Additional duration of hospitalization : 2.2 days
• Additional costs : 3.000,- US$
JAMA 1997, 277:307-311
• In departments of psychiatry the proportion of
patients hospitalized due to adverse drug events is
estimated with 16%
solusi?
Solusi-Pharmacogenetics/genomic
: pharmacology + genetics
mempelajari bagaiamana pengaruh genetik
terhadap respon pengobatan
Pharmacogenomic: study tentang genom
manusia termasuk variasi genetik, RNA,
ekspresi protein individu yang berbeda
untuk memprediksi respon pengobatan
pada individu/kelompok individu
sejarah
► 1953 : Watson and Crick describe DNA’s double helix. Bonicke
et al describe slow and rapid acetylation of isoniazid
► 1956 : Alving et al discover a genetic link to haemolytic
reactions to primaquine
► 1957 : Motulsky proposes that ‘inheritance might explain
many individual differences in the efficacy of drugs and in the occurrence
of adverse drug reactions’
Populations
– Types of populations
– Geographic project
Significance
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
► Genetic polymorphism: A variation in DNA sequence
occurring with a frequency of at least 1% in the
population.
O-demethylation
O
Morphine
NCH3
CYP2D6
HO
CODEINE
B. IM
(intermediate
metabolizer)
C. EM
(extensive
metabolizer)
D. UM
(Ultra
Metabolizer)
► (Ref:http://www.hcroi.com/presentations
/Coleman,%20Howard%20(session%201
1.05).ppt)
Based on PGx data,
FDA started to include PGx-based
drug safety and efficacy drug labels !
Succinylcholine is metabolized by
pseudocholinesterase