When water travels slowly through a tube, dirt and

slime comes from a microorganic action which

is to be carried away if there are greater turbulence.

As a standard practice, the use of cooling water at less than 3

velocities should be avoided. Another factor of importance is
the deposition of mineral scales. When water of a average
mineral and water is degreated, it is found that tube action
becomes excessive, and for this reason the outlet water
temperature above 120 degrees should be avoided.
One of the most serious problems facing the chemical and
power industry today is
the gradual deficiency of surface and subsurface water in
the areas of indutrial concentration.
This can be partially overcome through the use of cooling
towers, which use the cooling water and reduce the
requirement to only 2 per cent of the amount required in
once through use.
River water may provide part of the solution to a
water deficiency, but it is costly. The water must
usually be stretched by moving screens and pumped
considerable distances, and some of the local water
systems have to be used.