Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Parts, Bearings, Gearing
Parts, Bearings, Gearing
• Cylinder Barrel
Cylinder Walls
• Cylinder Walls
• Inside surface of cylinder barrel is honed to a
controlled amount of roughness
• Rough enough to hold oil film but smooth enough to
minimize friction and wear
• Plain steel cylinder walls are not treated to prevent
wear or corrosion
• Nitrided cylinder walls are hardened to reduce wear
but still rust as easily as plain steel walls. Nitriding
is exposing the cylinder wall to ammonia at high
temperatures and it hardens the wall to a thickness of
approximately .005”
Engine Parts, Description, Function, Construction
• Cylinder heads
• Constructed of cast
aluminum
• Provides combustion
chamber, and mounting
areas for spark plugs and
valve parts
Engine Parts, Description, Function, Construction
• Valve Guides
• Made of bronze
• Secured in the head by an
interference (shrink) fit
• Valve Seats
• Made of chrome steel,
stellite, or brass
• Secured by interference fit
• Crankcase
• The crankcase holds all of the engine parts in
alignment and supports the cylinders and crankshaft
• It provides a place to mount the engine to the
aircraft
• Constructed of aluminum alloy
• Divided into sections (radial)
• Nose section - Houses prop shaft and bearings
• Power section - mount for cylinders
• Fuel induction section - intake tubes, blower,
manifolds (supercharger)
• Accessory section - mounts for magnetos, pumps,
generators (magnesium)
• Opposed crankcase
• Sections are not as distinct as in the radial and the
crankcase splits from front to rear instead of in
radial sections
• Pistons
• Constructed of aluminum alloy
• Parts include top, ring grooves, ring lands, skirt,
and piston pin boss
• Cooling fins on the bottom help the oil carry heat
away from the piston top
• Cam ground pistons
• diameter of the piston is greater perpendicular to
the piston pin boss
• This compensates for uneven expansion during
operation (becomes round at operating temperature)
• Piston head designs
• Piston rings (general)
• Provide seal between cylinder wall and piston
• Rings ride on a thin film of oil
• Conduct heat from the piston out to the cylinder
and the fins
• Material is cast iron or chrome steel
Articulating Rod
Master/Articulating Rod in Action
• Crankshaft
Lobe
• Pushrod
• transmits push of lifter up to rocker arm
• Hollow to allow oil to flow to the top of the
cylinder for valve part lubrication
• Length can be varied to adjust valve clearance
• Valve clearance is the space between the top of the
valve stem and the rocker arm. This clearance is to
prevent a valve from being held open with the
resulting heat build-up and loss of compression
• valve clearance increases as the engine operates
due to cylinder expansion (solid lifters)
• Hydraulic lifters have a “0” clearance in operation
Valve clearance adjustment
• Plain Bearings
• A steel insert with babbitt (lead alloy) bonded to the
bearing surface
• Plain bearings are keyed to keep them in place
• A lip or flange allows the plain bearing to accept
thrust loads
• Commonly used as crankshaft and rod bearings in
opposed engines
• Roller Bearings (antifriction)
• Hard steel rollers captured between an inner
and outer “race” and held in alignment by a
“cage”
• May be tapered to absorb radial and thrust
loads or straight to absorb radial loads only
Parts of a Ball Bearing
BALL
CAGE
INNER RACE
OUTER RACE
• Ball Bearings (antifriction)
• Used for both radial and thrust loads
• Deep grooves in races allow thrust
loads
Bearing cleaning and safety
• Gear Ratios:
• Expressed as 2:1, .64:1, 300:1
• At what speed will the propeller be turning if the
engine rpm is 2000 and the gear ratio is 2:1?
• 1000 rpm
• Which reduction ratio will provide the fastest
propeller speed 10:1 or 4:1?
• 4:1 (it is the closest to 1:1)
• Spur Gears
• Simple drive and driven gear system
• Number of teeth on gear and gear diameters
determine reduction ratio
• Large gear would be mounted to propeller as it
turns the slowest
• Planetary Gears