 It is the work undertaken to restore or improve every facility

in every part of a building , its services and surroundings to

currently accepted standards and to sustain utility values of
the facility.
 To preserve in good condition buildings and services.
 When deterioration occurs due to any reason it is
inevitable to restore it to its original standard.
 To make improvements whenever required.
 To sustain utility value.
A good maintenance team has to ensure
1. Safety
2. Efficiency
3. Reliability
Condition based maintenance : • It is the work initiated after
inspection.
Fixed time maintenance : • Activities repeated at
predetermined intervals.

Preventative maintenance : • This is intended to preserve by

preventing failure and detecting incipient
faults.
Opportunity maintenance : • Work done as and when possible within
the limits of operational demand.

Day to day maintenance : • Its involves maintenance that has to be

performed daily.
Shutdown maintenance :
Through overhaul and maintenance after closing.
Emergency maintenance :
Necessitated by unforeseen breakdown damage or a
damage caused by natural calamity like earthquakes, floods ,etc.
Structural crack:

 Incorrect design
 Faulty construction
 Overloading

Non Structural Crack:

 Internal induced stress in building material

 Horizontal Cracks
 Splitting Cracks
 Corrosion Cracks
 Diagonal Cracks
 Flexural/Tensile Cracks
 Shear Cracks
 Flexural +Shear Cracks
 Improper mixing of cement concrete casing non-
uniform settlement of concrete.
 Less curing done.
 Less water cement ratio.
 Insufficient concrete cover to reinforcement.
 Improper compaction of concrete.
 More spacing b/w main and distribution bars.
 Due to grade of cement.
 Less amount of steel.
 More span of slab.
It is defined as the process of restoration of a
broken, damaged, or failed device, equipment,
part, or property to an acceptable operating or
usable condition or state.
 Some common types of repairs are as follows :
 Patching up of defects such as cracks and fall of
plaster.
 Repairing doors, windows, replacement of glass panes.
 Checking and repairing electric wiring.
 Checking and repairing gas pipes, water pipes
and plumbing services.
 Re-building non-structural walls, smoke chimneys,
boundary walls,etc
 Re-plastering of walls as required.
 Rearranging disturbed roofing tiles.
 Relaying cracked flooring at ground level.
 Redecoration — whitewashing, painting, etc.
 Before starting the repair of a concrete column, the
axial dead load, axial live load, horizontal load and its
associated moments must be known.
Repairs to concrete columns can be divided into two
categories.
 Surface or cosmetic repair only covers local
deterioration
 structural repair restores or strengthens the affected
columns. If the deterioration does not significantly
reduce the cross section, the conventional concrete
repair can successfully be employed
Following parameters are important for the
design and the execution of the column
repair:
 Unloading Columns
 Redistribution of the Load
 Concrete Removal
 Reinforcing Steel
 Small and medium cracks in reinforced concrete and
masonry structures reduce their strength
considerably to bear the design loads. Thus repair of
such cracks is necessary to restore the designed
strength of members.
 The repair of small and medium cracks is done by
first marking out the critical damaged zones in
concrete members. Then these cracks can be repaired
by injecting cement grout or chemical grouts or by
providing jacketing.
 The smaller cracks less than 0.75 mm width can be
effectively repair by using pressure injection of
epoxy.
 Destructive Testing Non Destructive testing

Purpose It is carried to find It is used to find

properties and properties of material
behaviour of specimen and to find out defects.
under different load
Specimen Specimen is damaged Specimen is not
during test damaged during test
Defects Defects cannot be found Defects are found using
using Destructive testing NDT

Cost More Costly Less Costly

Example Bending Test, Tensile Ultrasonic testing, Liquid
Testing, Compression die penetrant method,
Testing, Impact testing rebound hammer
e.t.c. testing.
 COMPRESSION TEST :
 AIM :- To determine the
compressive strength of concrete
specimens as per IS: 516 - 1959.
 APPARATUS :- Compression
testing machine
 AGE AT TEST :- Tests should be
done at recognized ages of the
test specimens, usually being 7
and 28 days. The ages should be
calculated from the time of the
addition of water to the drying of
ingredients. NUMBER OF
SPECIMENS :- At least three
specimens, preferably from
different batches, should be taken
for testing at each selected age.
 PROCEDURE : The specimens, prepared according to IS: 516 - 1959 and
stored in water, should be tested immediately on removal from the water
and while still in wet condition. Specimens when received dry should be
kept in water for 24hrs. before they are taken for testing. The
dimensions of the specimens, to the nearest 0.2mm and their weight
should be noted before testing. The bearing surfaces of the
compression testing machine should be wiped clean and any loose sand
or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen, which
would be in contact with the compression platens.
 In the case a of cubical specimen, the specimen should be placed in the
machine in such a manner that the load could be applied to the opposite
sides of the cubes, not to the top and the bottom. The axis of the
specimen should be carefully aligned with the center of thrust of the
spherically seated platen. No packing should be used between the faces
of the test specimen and the steel platen of the testing machine. As the
spherically seated block is brought to rest on the specimen, the movable
portion should be rotated gently by hand so that uniform seating is
obtained.
 The load should be applied without shock and increased continuously
at a rate of approximately 140kg/sq.cm/minute until the resistance of
the specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can
be sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen should then
be recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any unusual
features in the type of failure should be noted.
 Modulus of Rupture : Both two-point
loading and center point loading can
be used.
 Normally, tests are conducted in the
laboratory after keeping the concrete
in wet condition for 48 hours and at
24 degree Celsius.
 Rate of loading is 180 Kgf / min.
 fcr = pl/bd2 for the distance
between line of fracture and the
nearer support greater than 133 mm
(i.e. the fracture occurs within the
middle 1/3 rd of the beam and also
when maximum size of aggregate is
20 mm and sample of size 100 x 100
x 500 is used).
 If fracture occurs outside this range,
the test should be repeated.
 The main advantage and cause of popularity is that
same specimen and instrument is used for
compression testing.
 Loading condition produced high compressive stress
immediately below the contact generators but after
that almost uniform tensile stresses prevail
 Rate of loading is 0.02 to 0.04 MPa per second
 The tensile splitting strength is calculated by fst
=2P/πLD P= The Compressive load on the Cylinder
L= Length of the Cylinder D = Diameter of the
Cylinder
 The Compressive strength of for an element on the
vertical diameter = 2P/ πLD * [D2/r(D-r))-1]
 ULTRASONIC PULSE
VELOCITY TEST :-
 AIM :- To assess the quality of concrete
by ultrasonic pulse velocity method as
per IS: 13311 (Part 1) - 1992.
 PRINCIPLE :- The method consists of
measuring the time of travel of an
ultrasonic pulse passing through the
concrete being tested. Comparatively
higher velocity is obtained when
concrete quality is good in terms
of density, uniformity.
 PROCEDURE :-
Preparing for use: Before switching on the 'V' meter, the transducers should be
connected to the sockets marked "TRAN" and " REC".
Set reference: A reference bar is provided to check the instrument zero. The pulse
time for the bar is engraved on it. Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces
before placing it on the opposite ends of the bar. Adjust the 'SET REF' control until
the reference bar transit time is obtained on the instrumentread-out.
Range selection: For maximum accuracy, it is recommended that the 0.1 microsecond
range be selected forpath length up to 400mm.
Pulse velocity: Having determined the most suitable test points on the material to be
tested, make careful measurement of the path length ‘L’. Apply couplant to the
surfaces of the transducers and press it hard onto the surface of the material. Do not
move the transducers while a reading is being taken, as this can generate noise signals
and errors in measurements. Continue holding the transducers onto the surface of the
material until a consistent reading appears on the display, which is the time in
microsecond for the ultrasonic pulse to travel the distance 'L'. The mean value of the
display readings should be taken when the units digit hunts between two values.
 travel
time

 INTERPRETATION OF
RESULTS :-
Pulse velocity (km/second) Concrete quality (grading)
Above 4.5 excellent
3.5 to 4.5 good
3.0 to 3.5 medium
Below 3.0 doubtful
 AIM
To assess the likely compressive
strength of concrete by using rebound
hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) -
1992.
 PRINCIPLE :- The rebound of an
elastic mass depends on the hardness
of the surface against which mass
strikes.
 APPARATUS :- Rebound hammer
 PROCEDURE :-
Before commencement of a test, the rebound hammer should be tested against
the test anvil, to get reliable results, for which the manufacturer of the
rebound hammer indicates the range of readings on the anvil suitable for
different types of rebound hammer.
Apply light pressure on the plunger - it will release it from the locked position
and allow it to extend to the ready position for the test.
Press the plunger against the surface of the concrete, keeping the instrument
perpendicular to the test surface. Apply a gradual increase in pressure until the
hammer impacts. (Do not touch the button while depressing the plunger. Press
the button after impact, in case it is not convenient to note the rebound reading
in that position.)
Take the average of about 10 readings
 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS :-
The rebound reading on the indicator scale has
been calibrated by the manufacturer of the rebound
hammer for horizontal impact, that is, on a
vertical surface, to indicate the compressive
strength. When used in any other position as given
by the manufacturer is to be taken into
Account.
 This test is used to assess the corrosion
conditions in a reinforced concrete structure.
 The apparatus includes copper-copper sulphate
half-cell, connecting wires and a high impedance
voltmeter
 external cathode is provided in the form of copper
rod and copper sulphate solution in the cell. Any
point on reinforcement bar inside the concrete
body functioning as anode when connected
electrically to catholic half-cell generates e.m.f.
This is measured by connecting a mille voltmeter
in the circuit
After surveying the Iqbal Hall of NFC. Following repair and maintenance
required to rehab the building. Pictures are attached for clear perspective.
 Efflorescence:-
In different parts of the building especially Washrooms area and
surroundings, need repair of water bound treatment
 Horizontal and vertical cracks: -
There is lot of horizontal and vertical
cracks in Hall which is showing that structure
plaster is not much viable.
 Penetration of Water due to unbound of
foundation top:-
Rainy and overflow water of tank are
continuous penetrating in the wall due to not
taking of measures to stop. Construction of slab
near foundation up to 3ft may stop this unsafe and
harmful action.
Improper Disposal of 1st & 2nd Floor Sewerage.
Disposal Of sewerage is major problem of
building which is causing the damage to building
aesthetics as well as causing efflorescence in
building walls; the smell is also spreading nearby
areas of the hall. Removal of extensive amounts of
debris, garbage, waste, and unusable construction
materials; sorting and reorganization of equipment
 Electric socket:-
Electric socket in rooms as well as in
washroom are totally damaged due to efflorescence
which may cause a serious damaged for livelihood.
Replace these sockets as soon as possible.