Warship

Electronic
Technology Basics

舰艇 电子技术基础
Teaching Plan

• We have 60 hours lessons

• 20 for theory

• 40 for experiment
NO. Learning unit Hours
1 Diode and applications 4
2 transistor amplifier circuit 4
3 Suite: Desk lamp 4
4 Integrated operational amplifier circuit 4
5 Suite: Radio 8
6 Suite: Christmas tree 4
7 The design of Integrated Counter 4
8 Application of 555 Timers 4
9 Contest 12

10 Suites: Speakers 8
11 Evaluation 4
 RULES
• 1. One person one group.
• 2. Do not walk around during the course
of the experiment.
• 3. Pay attention to electricity safety.
• 4. During the break, do not be loud in the
corridor, do not walk around in our work
area at will .
• 5. At the end of class, please clean up the table
and be sure the experimental equipment placed in
the original location.
Introduction
• Electronics have become most important impetus
of modern technological growth and
development. The field of electronics deals with
the design and applications of electronic devices.
1 Electronic System

An electronic system is an arrangement of

electronic devices and components with a
defined set of inputs and outputs.
An electronic system must communicate
with input and output devices. In general,
the inputs and outputs are in the form of
electrical signals.

Electronic systems often use sensors to sense

external input qualities and actuators to control
external output qualities.
Sensors and actuators are often called
transducers. The loudspeaker is an example
of a transducer that converts an electronic
signal into sound.

Antenna
Speaker
Electronic
system
2 Electronic Signal

Electronic Signal can be separated into two

categories: analog and digital.
 Amplitude Logic level

t t
Analog signal Digital signal
An analog signal has a continuous
range of amplitudes over time.
A digital signal assumes only discrete
voltage values over time, A digital signal
has only two values, representing binary
logic state l (for high level) and binary logic
state 0 (for low level).
The output signal of a sensor is usually of
the analog type, and actuators often
require analog signal input to produce
the desired output.An analog signal can
be converted to digital form and vice
versa.(A/D or D/A ）
3 Analog Signal Notation

An analog signal is normally represented by

a symbol with a subscript .
The symbol and the subscript can be either
uppercase or lowercase .
 The definitions of voltage and current
symbols are as follows:

Definition Quantity Subscript Example

dc value of the signal Uppercase Uppercase VD

ac value of the signal Lowercase Lowercase vd
Total instantaneous value Lowercase Uppercase v
D
of the signal(dc and ac)
rms value of the signal Uppercase Lowercase V
d
VDC =5 V vs = 2 sinωt RL = l k

iA A vAB = VDC+ vs
+ RL vab
vs ~ vAB 1K
VDC VDC
-
B t

(a (b
) )
 Electronic Devices （电子器件）
• Semiconductor Diodes （半导体二极管）
半导体二极管

• Bipolar Junction Transistors

双极结型晶体管（晶体三极管）
Chapter 1 Diodes and its
Application
第一章 二极管及其应用
 objectives 本章要求

• To understand the ideal and practical characteristics of

semiconductor diodes
( 了解二极管的理想特性与实际特性 )
• To understand the principle of operation of
semiconductor diodes and their application
( 了解二极管的工作原理以及其应用 )
• To learn the circuit models of a diode and the methods
of analyzing diode circuits
( 理解二极管电路模型以及二极管电路的分析方法 )
 1 Introduction （介绍）
• A diode is a two terminal semiconductor device.It
offers a low resistance on the order of Ω in one
direction and a high resistance on the order of mΩ in
the other direction. A diode is the simplest electronic
device, and it is the basic building block for many
electronic circuits and systems.
i
D
Anode Cathode

Diode
2 Physical Operation of Diode ( 二极管的物理
特性 )

• diodes are made of semiconductor materials

（ such as silicon 、 germanium ）
• A pure semiconductor is called an intrinsic material.

二极管由半导体材料构成。
纯的半导体称为本征半导体。
 To increase conductivity, controlled quantities of
materials known as impurities are introduced into
pure semiconductors, creating free electrons or holes.
A semiconductor to which impurities have been added
is referred to as extrinsic.
extrinsic Two types of impurities are
normally used: n-type,
n-type such as phosphorus, antimony,
and p-type,
p-type such as: boron, gallium.

为增加半导体的导电性，在本征半导体中加入杂质，就
可以产生自由电子和空穴，从而增加导电性。
此时半导体称为杂质半导体，根据加入杂质的不同可以
将半导体分为： N 型半导体 ( 磷、锑 ) 和 P 型半导体（硼
、镓）。
 The removal of the
redundant electron causes
the impurity atom to
exhibit a positive charge.

silicon 硅原子 自由电子

Free electron
+4 +4 +4
n-type

+ + + +
+4 +5 +4
+ + + +

+4 + + + +
+4 +4
The electrons are the majority
phosphorus carriers and the holes are the
minority carriers.
磷原子
 boron
hole

P -type
+4 +4 +4
－ － － －

+4 +3 +4 － － － －

－ － － －

+4 +4 +4
The holes are the majority
carriers and the electrons are
the minority carriers.
Diode Junction （ PN 结）

We assume that a p-type material is laid into one

side of a single crystal of a pure semiconductor
material and an n-type material is laid into the
other side.
n-type p-type

+ + + - - -

+ + + - - -
+ + + - - -

+ + + - - -
At room temperature, the electrons, which are
majority carriers in the n-region, diffuse from the
n-type side to the p-type side; the holes, which
are majority carriers in the p-region, diffuse from
the p-type side to the n-type side.

n-type p-type

+ + + - - -

+ + + - - -
+ + + - - -

+ + + - - -
The electrons and holes will recombine near the junction
and thus cancel each other out. There will be opposite
charges on each side of the junction, creating a depletion
region, or space-charge region.

n-type p-type

+ + + - - -

+ + + - - -
+ + + - - -

+ + + - - -
 3 Forward-biased pn junction(pn 结
正偏 )
 A junction is said to be forward biased if the p-side is
made positive with respect to the n-side, as depicted in
figure.
Depletion region
I DR
n-type IDF p-type

+ + + + - - - -
A + + + + - - - -
+ + + + - - - -
i
D + + + + - - - -

vD
 If the applied voltage is increased, the potential
barrier is reduced, and large number of
holes(electrons) flow from the p(n)-side to the n(p)-
side.The resultant diode current increases, the
ohmic resistances of junction drop. When the
voltage is increased further, the potential barrier
will become low.
Depletion region
I DR
n-type IDF p-type

+ + + + - - - -
A + + + + - - - -
+ + + + - - - -
i
D + + + + - - - -

vD
 4 Reverse-Biased pn junction(pn 结
反偏 )
diffusion current IDF: negligible
The reverse current IDR(reverse saturation or
leakage current)
current will be due to the drift current
IS (small) Depletion region

I DF I DR
n-type p-type

+ + + + - - - -
A - - - - K
+ + + +
+ + + + - - - -
is
+ + + + - - - -

vD
5 Characteristic of Practical Diode
（二极管的伏安特性）
The voltage-versus-current characteristic of a practical
diode is the relationship between the current through it
and the voltage across its terminals.
i

breakdown Reverse region Forward region

region
0
u
Reverse Saturation Threshold
current voltage
( 导通压降 )
si ： 0.7 V Ge ： 0.3V
• A diode exhibits a nonlinear relation between the
voltage across its terminals and the current through it.
However, the analysis of a diode can be greatly
simplified with the assumption of an ideal
characteristic.

二极管表现出这样的特性，就是加在其两端的电压
与流过其的电流是非线性关系。然而，我们可以通
过一个非常简单等效模型来分析它。
The model of the diode( 二极管模型）
i u  UD u  UD

Practical diode
UD
（实际二极管）
u
U D

U D threshold voltage （导通压降）

Si: 0.7V ； Ge 0.3V 。

i u>0 u<0
Ideal diode
（理想二极管）

u
 judge the state of diode
1 ） take it out then judge

ideal ： if VD > 0 ， Diode conduct on （ short ）；

else Diode conduct off （ open ）。

practical ： if V > VD(on) ， Diode conduct on

（ V=VD(on) ）；
else Diode conduct off （ open ）
VAO=?

VD = -15V - (-12V ) = -3V D off

VAO = -12V
VAO=?

VD1 = 12V

VD 2 = 12V - (-6V ) = 18V

D2 on

VD1 = -6V
D1 off
VAO = -6V
6 applications of diodes （二极管的应
用）

• Rectifiers 整流

• Clipper circuit 限幅

• Clamp circuit 钳位
（1） Diode rectifiers 二极管整
流器

A rectifier that converts an ac voltage to an

unidirectional voltage is used as a dc power supply
for many electronic circuits, such as those in radios,
calculators, and stereo amplifiers.

• A rectifier is also called an ac-dc converter.

half-wave rectifiers
vi = Vm sin t
（ 2 ） Clippers （限幅）

• A clipper is a limiting circuit, it is basically an

extension of the half-rectifier.
To analyze the diode circuits we must answer
following questions: how to conduct diode and
diode (on or off ) how to effect the output. A diode
will conduct only if the anode voltage is higher
than the cathode voltage.
R
+
+ vs
D1 vo
vs
E1
- - ωt

D1
+
+ vo
R
vs vo
E1
- - ωt
 8 Clamping Circuits

• A clamping circuit simply fixs the output

voltage.

 钳位电路将输出电压固定在一个固定的值
VA = 0V , VB = 3V , Von = 0.7V ,VF = ?

+12v

R
DA
VA
VB VF
DB
Clamp circuit

（钳位电路）
Summary （概述）

• Pn junction （ PN 结）
• Diode device （二极管）
• v-i characteristic （二极管的伏安特
性）
• Diode model （二极管的模型）
• applications of diodes( 二极管的应用 )