• When metals are being stressed in tension at relatively low

levels, the applied stress is linearly proportional to the

induced strain, i.e. elastic deformation.

• The relationship between the applied stress and the strain

being induced.
What is Plastic Deformation?

• Plastic deformation is a process in which permanent

deformation is caused by a sufficient load.

• It produces a permanent change in the shape or size of a

solid body without fracture, resulting from the application of
sustained stress beyond the elastic limit.
What happens during plastic deformation?

• When a sufficient load is applied to a metal or other

structural material, it will cause the material to change shape.

• A temporary shape change that is self-reversing after the

force is removed, so that the object returns to its original
shape.
What is slip in plastic deformation?

• Slip is the prominent mechanism of plastic deformation in metals.

• It involves sliding of blocks of crystal over one other along definite

crystallographic planes, called slip planes.

• It is analogous to a deck of cards when it is pushed from one end.

• Slip occurs when shear stress applied exceeds a critical value.

Causes of Deformation

• Deformation is caused by stress

• The scientific term for force applied to a certain area.

• Stresses on rocks can stem from various sources, such as

changes in temperature or moisture, shifts in the Earth's
plates, sediment buildup or even gravity.
Deformation Process

• A forming operation is one in which the shape of a metal

sample is altered by plastic deformation.
• Forming processes include stamping, rolling, extrusion and
forging, where deformation is induced by external
compressive forces or stresses exceeding the yield stress of
the material.
Maximum Hypothesis on Plastic Deformation.

• Under tensile stress, plastic deformation is characterized by a

strain hardening region and a necking region and finally,
fracture.
• During strain hardening the material becomes stronger
through the movement of atomic dislocations.
• During necking, the material can no longer withstand the
maximum stress and the strain in the specimen rapidly
increases.