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Insulin and Oral Anti Diabetics
Insulin and Oral Anti Diabetics
Hernita Taurustya, MD
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DIABETES MELLITUS
• Characterized by hyperglycemia:
• Insulin resistance
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Pancreas
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Regulation of insulin secretion
• Stimulants of insulin release:
– Sulfonylureas
– Insulin
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• Proinsulin:
– A chain, B chain, and C peptide:
– Proteolytic enzyme cleaves proinsulin insulin
• Insulin: 51 amino acids
– A chain: 21 AA
– B chain: 30 AA
– Linked by 2 disulphide bridges (A7-B7 and A20-B19)
– and another disulphide bridge (A6-A11)
• C peptide:
– No clear physiological function
– Used as a marker of insulin secretion
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Regulation of Glucose Transport by
Insulin
• Glucose enter cells by diffusion through
glucose transporter (GLUT)
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•Rapid-acting – aspart, glulisine, lispro, human
insulin recombinant inhaled
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Goals of insulin therapy
fasting blood glucose conc. 90-120 mg/dL
two-hour postprandial < 150 mg/dL
HbA1c < 7%
Factors that determine insulin SC absorption:
1. Site of injection – abdominal wall >>
2. Subcutaneous blood flow – to ↑: massage, hot baths,
exercise
3. Volume & concentration of the injected insulin
4. Depth of injection (IM more rapid onset of action)
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Adverse reactions
Hypoglycemia – counter-regulatory hormones
(epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, growth
hormone, GLUCAGON)
Insulin allergy
Lipoatrophy & lipohypertrophy
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Drugs that cause Drugs that cause
hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia
Epinephrine
Ethanol Glucocorticoids
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1. Insulin secretagogues
a. Sufonylurea
b. Meglitinide:
c. D-phenylalanine derivatives
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• ↑ insulin release from the
pancreas
• Reduction of serum
glucagon levels by
stimulate release of
somatostatin
• Closure of potassium
channels in extrahepatic
tissues
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• ADVERSE EFFECTS
– Hypoglycemia
– Allergic reaction
– GI disturbances
– Cholestatic jaudice
• INTERACTION
– Sulfonamides, clofibrate, dicumarol, salicylates displace
the SU from protein binding increase hypoglycemic
effect
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• INDICATION
– Type 2 DM which fail with diet therapy
• Contraindications:
– Type 1 DM,
– pregnancy, lactation,
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BIGUANIDES
metformin, phenformin, buformin
metformin alone or in combination with a SU improves
glycemic control & lipid conc.
EUGLYCEMIC
Reduce glucose levels by:
1. ↓ hepatic glucose production
2. ↑ insulin action in muscle & fat (AMPK)
3. slowing glucose absorption from GIT; ↑ glucoselactate
4. reduction of plasma glucagon levels
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BIGUANIDES
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THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
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THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
PREPARATIONS
– Pioglitazone (Actos®)
– Rosiglitazone (Avandia®)
• Tablet 2, 4, 8 mg
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THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
• Might be benefit to prevent development of type 2 DM
• EUGLYCEMIC
• Contraindications:
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Cardiac effects:
• Inotropic and chronotropic effects (similar to b-
agonist)
Other effects:
• relaxation of intestine
Clinical uses
• Severe hypoglycemia
• Endocrine diagnosis
• Beta blocker poisoning
Rapid degradation in the liver, kidney, plasma, and
tissues
Plasma T1/2: 3-6 minutes need continous iv infusion.
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An antihypertensive agent
Potent hyperglycemic action when given
orally
Mechanism:
• Potassium channel opener (opposite to SU)
• Inhibits insulin secretion
• Modest capacity to inhibit peripheral glucose
utilization
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Indications
• Treatment of hypoglycemia due to hyper insulinemia
(such as in insulinoma), and other form of
hypoglycemia
• Hypertension
Side effects
• Nausea, vomiting
• Hypertrichosis
• Na and fluid retention, hyperuricemia,
thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia
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American Diabetes Association
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-
2014
Pharmakology Katzung
Phatofisiology Sylvia
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