Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (1/18)

Contents

0. Definitions

1. Plan Quality

2. Perform Quality Assurance

3. Perform Quality Control

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (2/18)
0. Definitions
Definitions :
 Quality : Degree to which the project fulfills requirements.
‫ هي الدرجة التي يتم عندها تحقيق متطلبات المشروع‬: ‫الجودة‬
 Grade : Category (specific technical characteristics) assigned to product.
‫ هي الفئة (مجموعة من الخصائص) يتم تخصيصها للمنتج‬: ‫الرتبة‬
 Precession : Values of repeated measurements have little scatter.
)‫قيم القياسات المتعددة لها تشتت قليل (بغض النظر عن قربها من القيمة الصحيحة‬
 Accuracy : Values are very close to the true.
)‫القيم قريبة من القيمة الصحيحة (بغض النظر عن تشتتها‬
To Ensure Quality :
• Identify quality level and applicable standards. ‫تعريف مستوى الجودة المطلوب تطبيقه‬
• Set metrics to be measured (from customer’s perspective).
)‫تحديد معامالت ليتم قياسها (من وجهة نظر العميل‬
• Make sure authorized processes are followed and standard are met.
. ‫التأكد من ان العمليات و اآلليات المعتمدة يتم اتباعها و ان المقاييس يتم تحقيقها‬
• Evaluate effectiveness of QC system and plan for continuous improvement.
‫تقييم مدى فعالية نظام الجودة و التخطيط للتحسين المستمر‬
PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany
 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (3/18)
0. Definitions
Gold Plating : ‫الطالء بالذهب‬
Giving the customer extras. ‫اعطاء العميل اكثر من المتعاقد عليه‬
Achieve your objectives instead of gold plating. ‫حقق متطلبات العمل بدال من ذلك‬

Prevention Over Inspection : ‫الوقاية مقابل الفحص‬

Quality must be planned in not inspected in.
‫يجب التخطيط للجودة و ليس االنتظار حتى تحدث المشكلة ثم اجراء فحوص الجودة‬

Marginal Analysis : ‫التحليل الحدي‬

Looking for point where added attention to quality will not produce added
value. When you reach this point, stop improving quality.
.‫ عندها توقف عن تحسين الجودة‬. ‫البحث عن النقطة التي عندها االهتمام بالجودة ال يقدم قيمة مضافة‬

KaiZen: “continuous improvement ” ‫التحسين المستمر‬

Japanese practices based on making small improvements but continuous.
‫نظرية يابانية مبنية على احداث تحسين مستمر و لو كان تحسين بسيط‬
PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany
 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (4/18)
0. Definitions

Just-in-time (JIT) :
Production strategy that aim to improving return on investment by reducing
in-process inventory and associated costs. Used in high quality practices.
)‫استراتيجية تهدف لتحسين العائد بتقليل البضاعة المخزنة و التكاليف المصاحبة (للمنجات عالية الجودة‬

Responsibility for Quality : ‫المسئولية عن الجودة‬

Each team member must check his work. PM has the ultimate responsibility
for quality. ‫افراد الفريق عليهم التأكد من العمل ومع ذلك فمدير المشروع هو المسئول النهائي عن الجودة‬

Poor Quality Impact: ‫اآلثار المترتبة على ضعف الجودة‬

Rework - delay - increased cost - low customer satisfaction - low morale -
increased risk.
‫اعادة العمل – التأخر – زيادة التكاليف – رضا العميل يقل – ضعف الروح المعنوية – زيادة المخاطر‬

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (5/18)
01. Plan Quality (Planning)

Q u a l i t y M a n a g e m e n t
8.1 Plan Quality

Inputs :
 Project Management Plan
 Risk Register
 Organizational Process Assets
Tools and Techniques :
 Cost-Benefit Analysis
 Seven Basic Quality Tools
 Design of Experiments
 Additional Quality Planning Tools
Outputs :
 Quality Management Plan
 Quality Metrics
 Project Documents Update
■ Stakeholder Register
■ Requirements Documentation
■ Enterprise Environmental Factors
■ Cost of Quality
■ Benchmarking
■ Statistical sampling
■ Meetings
■ Process Improvement Plan
■ Quality Checklists

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (6/18)
01. Plan Quality (Planning)
TT Cost Benefit Analysis:
• Compares the cost of the quality step to the expected benefit.
• Examples of benefits: less rework, higher productivity, lower costs,
increased stakeholder satisfaction, and increased profitability.

TT Cost of Quality: ‫تكلفة الجودة‬

Cost of Conformance Cost of Nonconformance

Money spent during the project to avoid failure Money spent during and after the project because of failures

•Training
•Equipment Internal Failure •Rework
Prevention
•Document processes (Found by the project) •Scrap
•Time to do it right
•Testing •Liabilities
External Failure
Appraisals •Destructive testing loss •Warranty work
(Found by the customer)
•Inspections •Lost business

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (7/18)
01. Plan Quality (Planning)

TT Seven Basic Quality Tools (7QC Tools):

1. Cause & Effect Diagram
Also known as Fishbone or Ishikawa
2. Flowcharts
Also known as Process Maps
3. Checksheets
Also known as Tally Sheets
May be used as a checklist
4. Pareto Diagrams
Used to identify the vital few sources (80/20)
5. Histogram
Describe the statistical distribution shape
6. Control Charts
Will be illustrated later
7. Scatter Diagrams
Also known as Correlation Charts
Used to trace the relation between two variables (X,Y)

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (8/18)
01. Plan Quality (Planning)
Notes for Control Chart:
• Control Limits: represents organization quality standards
• Specification Limits: represents customer requirements and will be outside
control limits
• Out of Control: outside of control limits or non-random data points
• Rule of Seven: series seven points in one side

TT Benchmarking: ‫القياس‬
• Comparing projects with past projects to identify best practices

TT Design of Experiments: ‫تصميم تجارب‬

• Statistical method allows you to change important factors at once to identify
the best combination that has lower impact on the project.

TT Statistical Sampling : ‫العينات االحصائية‬

• Choosing a sample from population with a planned frequency and size.

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (9/18)
01. Plan Quality (Planning)

Additional Tools : ‫أدوات أخرى‬

This includes meetings, brainstorming, nominal group, affinity diagrams,
PDPC, matrices, diagrams, .., etc. (will be illustrated later in QA process)

O Quality Management Plan : ‫خطة ادارة الجودة‬

Part of PM plan that describes how organization’s quality policies will be
implemented. It may includes the following:
• Quality standards
• Meetings to be held addressing quality
• Who will manage quality, when, what their duties will be
• Metrics will be used
• Quality reports
• What deliverables will be measured and when

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (10/18)
01. Plan Quality (Planning)

O Process Improvement Plan : ‫خطة تحسين العملية‬

Part of PM plan that analyze processes to identify
activities which enhance their value. It helps increase
efficiency, customer satisfaction, and prevent problems.

O Quality Metrics : ‫قياسات الجودة‬

• Specify project or product attributes, how will be measured, and tolerance.
• Ex: Defect frequency, failure rate, cost control, on-time performance.

O Checklist : ‫قوائم مرجعية‬

• Used to verify that a set of items has been performed

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (11/18)
02. Perform Quality Assurance (Executing)

Q u a l i t y M a n a g e m e n t
8.2 Perform Quality Assurance
Inputs :
 Quality Management Plan
 Process Improvement Plan
 Quality Metrics
 Quality Control Measurements
 Project Documents
Tools and Techniques :
 Quality Management and Control Tools
 Quality Audits
 Process Analysis
Outputs :
 Change Requests
 Project Management Plan Updates
 Project Documents Updates
 Organizational Process Assets Updates

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (12/18)
02. Perform Quality Assurance (Executing)
Objective :
• Are we using the standard ?
• Can we improve the standard ?

TT Quality Management and Control Tools :

In addition to Plan/Control Quality tools & techniques.
Other tools include:
• Affinity Diagram
(Described in 5.1)

• Process Decision Program Charts (PDPC)

Used to understand the relation between the goal and
the steps to get the goal. It aids team to expect
intermediate steps
PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany
 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (13/18)
02. Perform Quality Assurance (Executing)

Follow # <Quality Management and Control Tools >

• Interrelationships Digraphs
A digraph or directed graph is a set of nodes connected
It aids solving problems with intertwined logical relations
It may be developed from data generated in other tools
like tree diagram or fishbone diagram.

• Tree diagrams
Also known as systematic diagrams
Used to decompose a high level goal
Ex: WBS, RBS, OBS

• Prioritization Matrix
Used to rank the alternatives for key issues

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (14/18)
02. Perform Quality Assurance (Executing)

Follow # <Quality Management and Control Tools >

• Network Diagrams
See (Sequence Activities)

• Matrix Diagrams
It shows the relationships between factors

TT Quality Audit : ‫تدقيق الجودة‬

• Check complying with policies & standards
• Determine efficiency of policies & standards
• Audit can be done by internal or external auditors

TT Process Analysis : ‫تحليل العملية‬

• It examines problems, constraints, and non-value-added activities identified
during process operation.

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (15/18)
03. Control Quality (M/C)

Q u a l i t y M a n a g e m e n t
8.3 Control Quality

Inputs :
 Project Management Plan
 Quality Checklists
 Approved Change Requests
 Project Documents
Tools and Techniques :
 Seven Basic Quality Tools
 Inspection
Outputs :
 Quality Control Measurements
 Verified Deliverables
 Change Requests
 Project Documents Updates
■ Quality Metrics
■ Work Performance Data
■ Deliverables
■ Organizational Process Assets
■ Statistical sampling
■ Approved Change Requests Reviews
■ Validated Changes
■ Work Performance Information
■ Project Management Plan Updates
■ Org. Process Assets Updates

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (16/18)
03. Control Quality (M/C)
Definitions:

Prevention: Keep errors out of the process

Inspection: Keep errors out of customer hands

Attribute Sampling: Result either conform or not conform

Variable Sampling: Result is rated to express the degree of nonconformity

Tolerance: Specified range of acceptable results

Control limits: Thresholds, indicate whether process is out of control

Mean: Average ( Sum / Count

Median: Middle number after sort (if even, average of two middle numbers)
Mode : Most frequently occurring value in a distribution

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (17/18)
03. Control Quality (M/C)
Follow # < Definitions >

Mutually Exclusive: Two events cannot occur at the same time

Ex: Tossing a coin can result in either heads or tails, but not both

Statistically Independent: The occurrence of one event does not affect the
probability of the other
Ex: The event of getting a 6 the first time a die is rolled and the event of getting
a 6 the second time are independent

Standard Deviation: How far you are from the mean (not Median)
Area under Normal Distribution curve will be:
1σ = 68.26 % 2σ = 95.46 %
3σ = 99.73 % 6σ = 99.99985 %

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

 Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (18/18)
03. Control Quality (M/C)

TT Inspection:
• Examination to the product to determine if it conforms to documented
standards or to validate defect repairs. Also called reviews, audits, or
walkthroughs.
• Conducted at any level (ex: single activity or final product)

Note:
Plan Quality : Look forward in time
Assure Quality : Look back in time at project standards
Control Quality : Look back in time at project records

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany