Repaso de La Gramatica Inglesa Todos Los Temas 10

LENGUA INGLESA
Pedro Civera Coloma 2004

TO BE
• Significa “ser” o “estar”.
• Es un verbo auxiliar.
• Hace la negación añadiendo “not”
• Hace la interrogación por inversión.
• Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y

también con: who, where, how, etc.
TO BE
Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y

también con: who, where, how, etc.
I’m Peter. Peter’s That’s Who’s

here. Manoli. that girl?
PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO
I am/I'm. I was. I will/ shall be.
Yo soy o yo estoy. Yo era o yo estaba. Yo seré o yo estaré.
You are/you're. You were. You will be.
He is/he's. He was. He will be.
She is/she's She was. She will be.
It is/it's. It was. It will be.
We are/we're. We were. We will/ shall be.
You are/you're. You were. You will be.
They are/they're. They were. They will be.

PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO
AM WAS WILL BE
IS WERE
ARE
CONTRACCIONES
Are not aren’t. Was not ‘ll.

wasn’t Will not won’t.
Is not isn’t.
Were not Shall not
weren’t shan’t.
USOS
Para preguntar la edad. How old are you?
I am forty.
Indicar la profesión. I am a teacher.
La ideología. He is a socialist.
El credo religioso. He is a catholic.

USOS
Formar los tiempos I am writing with a
continuos. computer.
I was swimming
yesterday.
I will be walking on
the beach.
La formación de la voz The book was written

pasiva. by Emilio.
USOS
Para medidas. I am six feet tall.
How big is the town?
It is quite big.
I am six feet tall.

USOS
Indica tallas. I am size 8.
Con adjetivos. I am happy and you are
right.
Where (¿Dónde?) Where’s the boy?
What (¿Qué?)
Who (¿Quién?) When’s your birthday?
Why, (¿Por qué?)
Con ciertas expresiones. I am right.
Contrae con demostrativos That’s right.

y adverbios.
TO HAVE
Se traduce por tener.
Puede ir acompañado de la partícula “got”.
No se produce alteración del significado si

aparece o no, pero cuando aparece el verbo puede
ir contraido.
Tampoco se usa en las respuestas breves.

I have/l've. I had. I will have.
To tengo. Yo tuve o yo tenía. Yo tendré.
You have/you've. You had. You will have.
He has/he's. He had. He will have.
She has/she's. She had. She will have.
It has/it's. It had. It will have.
We have/we've. We had. We will have.
You have/you've. You had. You will have.
They have/they've. They had. They will have.
Have + not contrae Had + not contrae
en haven’t. en hadn’t.
Has + not contrae
en hasn’t.
USOS
Indicar posesión. I have a white car.
I have got a white car.

Puede indicar otro tipo de I have breakfast at
actividades. 7:45.
Ingestión de alimentos
tanto sólidos como
líquidos.
Otros. I have a bath and my
wife has a shower.
Construcción de tiempos I have been in New
perfectos. York.
USOS
Obligación. I have to go to Alicante
tomorrow.
Combinado con better You had better buy a
indica consejo. new pair of shoes.
La contracción es You’d
better.
La construcción causativo I’m going to have my

have, se utiliza cuando hair cut.
alguien hace algún servicio
para nosotros.
PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO
HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
HAS
I have I had I will have
He has He had She will have

CONTRACCIONES

Have not Had not Wil have not
Haven’t Hadn’t Won’t have
Has not
Hasn’t
TO DO
Significa “hacer”.
Es un verbo auxiliar.
Hace la negación añadiendo “not”
Interviene en la formación de las formas

interrogativas y negativas del presente y
pasado simple
I do. I did. I will do.
Yo hago. Yo hice. Yo haré.
You do. You did. You will do.
He does. He did. He will do.
She does. She did. She will do.
It does. It did. It will do.
We do. We did. We will do.
You do. You did. You will do.
They do. They did. They will do.
Do not contrae en Did not contrae en Will not do contrae
don’t. didn’t. en won’t do.
Does not contrae en
doesn’t.
PRESENTE PASADO
Negativas. He doesn’t eat meat. I didn’t go to the
I don’t want to go to cinema.
the cinema.
Interrogativas. Do you love her? Did you go to

Does he speak England?
Valenciano?
¿Habla valenciano?
Uso enfático. He does love He did say what

running. he wanted to say.
USOS
Otros usos idiomáticos. I did the shopping in
Carrefour.
I do the washing up
every night.
I never do the cleaning.
Sometimes I do the
cooking.
USOS
Con la expresión “Yo -I like María Callas.
también”.
-So do I.
Con la expresión “Yo I don’t smoke.

tampoco”.
Neither do I.
LOS PRONOMBRES Y
ADJETIVOS
Es necesario usarlos para evitar ambigüedad.
Go to London, no sabríamos quién va, podría

ser yo, tú, nosotros,etc.
En castellano no pasa lo mismo.
Vamos a Alicante, las desinencias verbales

nos sacan de dudas. Está claro que somos
nosotros.
PRONOMBRES PRONOMBRES ADJETIVOS PRONOMBRES PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES PERSONALES POSESIVOS POSESIVOS REFLEXIVOS
SUJETO COMPLEMENTO
I . Yo. Me. A mí, me. My. Mi. Mine. El mío. Myself. Me.
You . Tú. You. A ti, te. Your. Tu. Yours. El tuyo. Yourself. Te.
He. Él. Him. A él, le. His. Su de él. His. El suyo. Himself. Se.
(de él).
She. Ella. Her. A ella, le. Her. Su de Hers. El suyo. Herself. Se.
ella. (de ella).
It. Ello. It. A ello, le. It. Su de ello. Its. El suyo. Itself. Se.
(de ello).
We. Nosotros o Us. A nosotros, a Our. Nuestro, Ours. El Ourselves.

nosostras. nosotras, nos. nuestra. nuestro. Nos.
You .Vosotros o You. A vosotros, Your. Yours. El Yourselves.

vosotras. a vosotras, os. Vuestro, vuestro. Os.
vuestra.
They. Ellos o Them. A ellos, a Their. Su de Theirs. El suyo. Themselves.
ellas. ellas, les. ellos, su de Se.
ellas.
PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y
COMPLEMENTO
SUJETO COMPLEMENTO
Ella es alta. Dale esto a ella.
You are a teacher. This is for you.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
I” siempre se escribe con mayúscula.
“You” se puede traducir por Tú, Vd, vosotros,

vosotras y Vds.“You” e “it” tienen la misma forma
como sujetos que como complementos.
You are young. I love you.

COMPLEMENTOS
No utilizan preposición delante del objeto
indirecto, pero sí, si sigue al Objeto Directo.
She gave me a kiss.
She gave a kiss to me.

DIFERENCIA ENTRE ADJETIVO
Y PRONOMBRE
ADJETIVO PRONOMBRE
acompaña al nombre lo substituye.
Mi casa es grande. La mía también.
My house is big. Mine is also big.

PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
Acciones que recaen He washes himself

sobre el mismo sujeto. every morning.
Enfatizan. He himself can go.
Pueden ir precedidos I went to Madrid by

de by, en cuyo caso myself.
significan “yo solo”,
“tú solo..”
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
Each other. “El uno al They love each other.
otro”
One Another. “A todos” They gave presents

one another.
One. She is the prettiest

one.
I was the second one

in the race.
ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES
DEMOSTRATIVOS
SINGULAR PLURAL
THlS este, esta, esto. THESE estos, estas.
THAT ese, esa, eso, aquel, THOSE esos, esas,

aquella, aquello. aquellos, aquellas.
CONCORDANCIA
This man is my teacher of English.
That woman is my wife.
These books are interesting.
Those girls are from Italy.

USOS
Se usan cuando This is Peter.
hablamos por teléfono.
En ciertas expresiones. That’s right.
En presentaciones This is Mary, my friend

HABER IMPERSONAL.
THERE IS
AFIRMATIVA INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA
There is a car. Is there a car? There is not a

car.
There was a Was there a There was not

boy. boy? a boy.
HABER IMPERSONAL.
THERE IS
PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO CONDICIONAL
There is. There was. There There would

will be. be.
There are. There

were.
There's.
EJEMPLOS
• There is someone waiting for you.
• There are four biscuits on the plate.
• Is there anything I can do for you?

SOME, ANY Y NO
Some. I have some magazines
Afirmativas. Se traduce por from the library.
algo, algún, algo de.
interrogativas y se espera Do you want some
respuesta afirmativa. chocolates?
Any. Have you any good
Interrogativas y negativas. book to lend me?
Se traduce por “nada”, I haven’t any money.
“ningún”, “algún”.
No. Afirmativa pero el I have no money.
sentido es negativo.
COMPUESTOS
Something. Anything. Nothing. Everything.

Algo. Algo, nada. Nada. Todo.
Somebody. Anybody. Nobody. Everybody.
Alguien. Alguien, Nadie. Todos.
nadie.
Somewhere. Anywhere. Nowhere. Everywhere.
Algún lugar. Alguna Ninguna Todas
parte, parte. partes.
ninguna
parte.
Someone. Anyone. No one. Everyone.
Alguien. Alguien, Nadie. Cada uno.
EJEMPLOS
I have some magazines from the library.
Do you want some chocolates?
Have you any good book to lend me?
I haven’t any money.
I have no money.
OTROS INDEFINIDOS
All. All my friends came to
Hace referencia a más de my party.
dos.
Both. Both are 14.
Se refiere a dos.
Each. Each and every day I
Cada. sleep siesta.
Either. Either you stay here or
O. come with us.
OTROS INDEFINIDOS
Every. Every day I go running.
Cada.
Neither. Neither of them are

Ni. happy.
Neither…nor I neither like coffee nor

Ni..ni. tea.
None. None wanted coffee.

Ninguno de los dos.
PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS
INTERROGATIVAS
Who. Who came yesterday?
¿Quién? Se usa
con personas.
Whom. Whom did you speak to?
¿A quién? Se usa The man with whom you
compañado por spoke is Pepe.
preposiciones.
Whose Whose car is this Ford Fiesta?
¿De quién? Se usa
en la forma
posesiva.
INTERROGATIVAS
Which. Which is your favourite

¿Qué o Cuál? singer?
What What do you think of him?

¿Qué? Se usa
cuando no hay
antecedentes.
INTERROGATIVAS
How. How is your mother?
¿Cómo?
How many. How many books do you read a
¿Cúantos? year?
How much. How much is that CD?
¿Cuánto?
How long. How long will it take to go to
¿Cuánto tiempo? Madrid by plane?
How far. How far is Elche from Santa
¿A qué distancia? Pola?
INTERROGATIVAS
How fast. How fast can you type?
¿A qué velocidad?
How often. How often do you play

¿Con qué football?
frecuencia?
Why. Why was he late?
¿Por qué?
INTERROGATIVAS
When. When did you go there?
¿Cuándo?
Where. Where do you live?

¿Dónde?
What kind. What kind of music do you

¿Qué clase? like?
CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
Los nombres se pueden clasificar en contables e
incontables.
Contables son aquéllos que podemos contar con

la ayuda de un numeral. Tienen forma de plural y
pueden llevar el artículo a/an o the, some, few
etc.
One book. Two pencils. Three boys. Four cars.

•I bought a paper. Give me some paper to write.
•She has a new iron. This is made of iron.
•Give me a glass. This is Bohemian glass.
•I drink coffee. Give me two coffees.

NOMBRES INCONTABLES
Butter. Help. News. Tea.
Mantequilla. Ayuda. Noticias. Té
Chocolate. Homework. Paper. Time.
Chocolate. Deberes. Papel. Tiempo.
Coffee. Hope. Physics. Toothpaste
Café. Esperanza. Física. Pasta de
dientes.
Cream. Hunger. Rubbish. Trouble.
Crema. Hambre. Basura. Problema.
Dirt. Ice. Sand. Water.
Suciedad. Hielo. Arena. Agua.
NOMBRES INCONTABLES
Flour. Mathemati Sky. Weather.

Harina. cs. Cielo. Tiempo
Matemáticas. atmosférico.
Food. Milk. Soap. Work.
Comida. Leche. Jabón. Trabajo.
Fun. Money. Wine. Silver.
Diversión. Dinero. Vino. Plata.
Furniture. Music. Sugar. Advice.
Mobiliario. Música. Azúcar. Consejo.
MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE,
A LOT OF
Many. I have many friends.
Muchos o muchas.
Few. She has read few
Pocos o pocas. books.
A few.
Unos pocos o unas I have a few good
pocas. friends.
So Many. We have so many
Tantos. books .
CONTABLES
So Few. He is alone, he has
Tan pocos. so few friends.
Too Many. Too many cooks

Demasiados. spoil the broth.
Too Few. There were too few

Demasiado pocos. to start the party.
INCONTABLES
Much. I don’t drink much
Mucho. coke.
Little. He eats little fruit.

Poco.
A little With a little milk
Un poco. please.
So Little. He drinks so little

Tan poco. water.
INCONTABLES
Too Much. They eat too much

Demasiado. “más de meat.
lo necesario”.
Too Little. They have too

Demasiado poco. little money.
So Much. They spend so

Tanto. much money.
A lot of. We have a lot of books.
Mucho, muchos.
We drink a lot of water.
Lots of. Lots of people came
Montones de. Mucho, yesterday.
Mucha.
Plenty of. There are plenty of
Mucho, muchos. good books in the
Tiene el matiz de “de library.
sobra”.
I don’t have to hurry,
I’ve got plenty of time.
PARTITIVOS
A bar of. A bar of chocolate.

Una barra de.
A bottle of. A bottle of wine.
Una botella de.
A can of. A can of coke.
Una lata de bebida.
A cup of. A cup of coffe.
Una taza de.
PARTITIVOS
A piece of. A piece of paper.
Un trozo de, una porción
de.
A tin of. A tin of tuna.

Una lata de.
A packet of. A packet of crisps.

Una bolsa de.
EL GENERO
Un gran número de nombres carecen de él, por
eso tenemos la misma palabra para masculino y
femenino.
Teacher. Doctor. Student. Lawyer.

Profesor. Médico. Estudiante Abogado.
.
Artist. Reader. Musician. Driver.
Artista. Lector. Músico. Conductor.
GENERO
MASCULINOS FEMENINOS NEUTROS
Father. Mother. Flower.

Padre. Madre. Flor.
Brother. Sister. Cat.
Hermano. Hermana. Gato.
Boy. Daughter. Door.
Chico. Hija. Puerta.
MASCULINO Y FEMENINO
A male doctor. A woman doctor.
Un doctor. Una doctora.
Actor. Actress.
Actor. Actriz.
Bachelor. Spinster.
Soltero. Soltera.
Boy. Girl.
Chico. Chica.
Brother. Sister.
Hermano. Hermana.
Bull. Cow.
Toro. Vaca.
Cock. Hen.
Gallo. Gallina.
Duke. Duchess.
Duque. Duquesa.
Emperor. Empress.
Emperador. Emperatriz.
Father. Mother.
Padre. Madre.
God. Goddess.
Dios. Diosa.
Horse. Mare.
Caballo. Yegua.
Host. Hostess.
Anfitrión. Anfitriona.
Husband. Wife.
Esposo. Esposa.
Lion. Lioness.
León. Leona.
Lord. Lady.
Señor. Señora.
Man. Woman.
Hombre. Mujer.
Nephew. Niece.
Sobrino. Sobrina.
Poet. Poetess.
Poeta. Poetisa.
Prince. Princess.
Príncipe. Princesa.
Son. Daughter.
Hijo. Hija.
Steward. Stewardess.
Auxiliar de vuelo. Azafata.
Tailor. Dressmaker.
Sastre. Modista.
Uncle. Aunt.
Tío. Tía.
Waiter. Waitress.
Camarero. Camarera.
Widower. Widow.
Viudo. Viuda.
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES
REGLA GENERAL. AÑADIR “-S”
SINGULAR PLURAL
Car. Cars.
Book. Books.
Pen. Pens.
AÑADEN “-ES” ACABADOS EN
X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O
SINGULAR PLURAL
Potato Potatoes.
Brush. Brushes.
Box. Boxes.
AÑADEN “-ES” ACABADOS EN
X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O
Kiss. Kisses.
Pouch. Pouches.
Church Churches
Bush. Bushes
ACABADAS EN “-o” de origen
extranjero, añaden “-s“.
Kilo. Kilos.
Kimono Kimonos.
Piano. Pianos.
Tomato. Tomatoes
ACABADOS EN “-y” precedida
de vocal
Toy Toys.
Boy. Boys.
Monkey Monkeys
ACABADOS EN “-y” precedida
de consonante.
Lady Ladies
City Cities
CAMBIAN “-f” o “-fe”,
POR “-ves”.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Wolf. Wolves. Thief. Thieves. Sheaf. Sheaves

Lobo. Ladrón. Gavilla. .
Loaf. Loaves. Leaf. Leaves. Half. Halves.
Barra de Hoja. Mitad.
pan.
Wife. Wives. Shelf. Shelves. Self. Selves.
Esposa. Estanterí Uno
a. mismo.
Life. Lives. Knife. Knives. Calf. Calves.
Vida. Cuchillo. Ternero.
RESTO DE PALABRAS EN “-f” o
“-fe” AÑADEN “-s“.
Safe. Safes. Chief. Chiefs.

Caja de Jefe.
seguridad.
Cliff. Cliffs.
Acantilado.
PLURALES IRREGULARES
Man. Men. Woman. Women
Hombre. Mujer.
Foot. Feet. Goose. Geese.
Pie. Ganso.
Child. Children. Tooth. Teeth.
Niño. Diente.
Ox. Oxen. Mouse. Mice.
Buey Ratón
ANIMALES QUE USAN LA
MISMA FORMA PARA
SINGULAR Y PLURAL
Sheep. Deer. Trout.
Oveja. Ciervo. Trucha.
Salmon Carp. Plaice.
Salmón. Carpa. Platija.
Mackarel. Partridge Squid.
Caballa. Perdíz. Calamar.
Cod. Duck.
Bacalao Pato.
OTRAS PALABRAS QUE USAN LA
MISMA FORMA PARA SINGULAR Y
PLURAL
Aircraft. Spacecraft. Hovercraft.

Aeronave. Nave espacial. Aerodeslizador.
PALABRAS QUE SIEMPRE VAN
EN PLURAL
People. Cattle. Police. Folk. Thanks
Gente. Ganado. Policia. Gente. Gracias
Pyjamas. Glasses Scissors. Binoculars.
Pijama. Gafas. Tijeras. Prismáticos.
Trousers. Stairs. Jeans. Shorts.
Pantalones Escaleras vaqueros Pantalones
cortos
PALABRAS QUE SIEMPRE VAN
EN SINGULAR
Mathematics. Gymnastics
Matemáticas Gimnasia.
Politics. Phonetics.
Política. Fonética.
PUEDEN IR EN SINGULAR Y
PLURAL
Our police is very Our team is the

efficient. best.
The police are Our team are

looking for the wearing the new
thief. T-shirts.
PENNY PUEDE TENER DOS
PLURALES
I have 4 pennies. I paid 50 pence.

PALABRAS COMPUESTAS
Maid of honour. Maids of honour.

Dama de honor
Brother in law. Brothers in law.

Cuñado.
PALABRAS COMPUESTAS CON -
man o -woman
Manservant. Menservants.
Policeman Policemen
Postman Postmen
PRONUNCIACION DE LA
DESINENCIA DE PLURAL.
/s/. Cats. /z/ Windows. /iz/ Houses.
Cuando los Cuando los Cuando los

nombres acaban nombres acaban nombres acaban
en consonante en consonante en s, z, x, ch, ss,
sorda.. p, t, k, f sonora o vocal. ...
b, d, g, v, m, n,
l, r, w, j
FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS
COMPUESTAS
Adjetivo + Handful. Puñado.

nombre.
Nombre + Toothpaste. Pasta de

nombre. dientes.
Ing + nombre. Washingmachine. Lavadora.
Pronombre + Shegoat. Cabra.

nombre.
FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS
COMPUESTAS
Verbo + Breakfast. Desayuno.

nombre.
Preposición + Overwork. Exceso de

nombre. trabajo.
Preposición + Income. Ingresos.

verbo.
FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE
Sujeto. María is a teacher.
Predicado. María is a sociable

woman.
Complemento Directo. I saw a woman there.
Complemento Indirecto. This present is for that

woman.
SUFIJOS DE NOMBRES
-er. -er. -ee. -tion.
Profesiones Cosas. Personas Nombres
Verbos.
Baker. Opener Employee. Pollution.
-ist. -ism. -ness.
Profesiones Ideologías. Nombre.
Violinist. Comunism. Hapiness.

SUFIJOS DE NOMBRES
-ance. -hood. -ment.
Nombre. Nombre. Nombre.
Abundance Childhood Shipment.
-tion. -ity.
Nombre. Nombre.
Education Ability.
SUFIJOS DE ADJETIVOS O
ADVERBIOS.
-al. -ic. -ive.

Practical Historic. Exclusive
-ful. -less. -ous.
Faithful. Hopeless. Industrious

SUFIJOS DE ADJETIVOS O
ADVERBIOS.
-ed. -en. -ant. -ive.
Excited Wooden. Irrelevant. Comprehe
nsive.
-worthy -like. -ible.
Trustworthy. Childlike. Sensible.

PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS
Dis- Il- Im- In-
Dishonest. Illegal. Impolite. Invisible.
Ir- Non- Un-
Irregular. Non- Unthinkabl

smoker. e
PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS
Anti- Over- Pre- Semi-
Antibiotic. Overdose Predictabl Semiprofe
e. ssional.
Super- Post- Under
Supernatu Postpone. Undermine

ral.
GENITIVO SAJÓN
•Es una construcción especial que se utiliza para

indicar posesión. La estructura del genitivo sajón es:
Poseedor + ‘s + cosa poseída.
•Normalmente la utilizamos con personas y rara vez

con objetos.
USOS DEL GENITIVO SAJÓN
Apóstrofo y una “s “es la Peter’s bike.
regla general.
Acabados en s, sólo “ ’ ”. Pits’ car.
Plurales irregulares no A men’s club.

terminados en “s” o “-es”
siguen la regla general.
Más de un sujeto. My brother and sister’s
friends.
Algunas expresiones. A day’s break.
Today’s paper.
The car’s engine.
Casas y tiendas. I went to my sister’s
She was at the

baker’s.
Tiendas, hospitales e He goes to his
iglesias. friend’s.
He got married in
Sant Louis’.
I was at the dentist’s.
Los plurales regulares A girls’ school.

acabados en “s” sólo
añaden el apóstrofo.
EL ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO
Su traducción es “un”, “una”. Tiene dos formas “a” y

“an”.
“A” se emplea con palabras que comienzan por sonido

consonántico.
“An” va con las que comienzan por sonido vocálico.
Las palabras que comienzan por “h” muda como

honest, llevan “an”.
Las palabras que comienzan por semiconsonantes

como “university” llevan “a”.
ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO
A AN
A house. An apple.
Una casa. Una manzana.
A car. An hour.
Un coche. Una hora.
A university. An honest person.
Una universidad. Una persona honrada.
A uniform. An honor.
Un uniforme. Un honor.
A union. An umbrella.
Un sindicato. Un paraguas.
A European. An MP.
Un europeo. Un miembro del Parlamento.
USOS DEL ARTÍCULO
INDETERMINADO
Con números y expresiones A hundred.
de cantidad.
Para indicar el precio de las It is 10 euros a kilo..

cosas.
Cuando es la primera vez The woman had a nice
que hablamos de un house near the beach.
objeto.
Cuando la referencia no I want a book but I
está clara. don’t want an English
book.
EL ARTÍCULO
INDETERMINADO
Con profesiones, I am a lawyer and he is
religiones, e ideas a nurse.
políticas. He is a Catholic and I
am a Jew.
He was a socialist and

now he is a
conservative.
Con enfermedades. Last week I had a
terrible cold.
EL ARTÍCULO DETERMINADO
THE
Es parte invariable de la oración.
El, la los y las.
Tiene dos pronunciaciones según vaya

precediendo a vocales o consonantes.
The girl. The girls. The car. The cars.

USOS
Ríos. The Nile.
Mares. The Black Sea.
Montañas. The Alps.
Islas. The Canary Islands.
Desiertos. The Sahara.

USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
Países en plural. The Netherlands.
Cosas únicas. The Universe.
The Sun.
The Moon.
The Earth.
Con instrumentos I play the piano.

musicales.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
Junto a un adjetivo hace The blind.

referencia a un
colectivo, a un tipo de The rich.
personas.
The poor.
The British.
Con los superlativos. Water is in my opinion

the best drink.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
También con algunas He was in the navy.
expresiones.
The police.
I went to the Post

Office.
I went to the cinema

last Sunday.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
Con fechas se lee pero 30th November is my
no se escribe. birthday.
Bed, class, court, In hospital.

college, church,
hospital, market, In the hospital.
prison, university,
town.
Junto a las palabras The United Kingdom.
Republic, State,
Kingdom. The Arab Republic.
USOS DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
Con cosas únicas. The moon isn’t red.
Con contables en The orange is an
singular hace referencia excellent fruit.
a la totalidad.
Con los adjetivos pasa The rich also cry.
lo mismo.
The blind.
Con apellidos. The Barrymore.

NO SE USA
Con días de la semana. I play tennis on

Monday.
Meses. In July I go to San Juan

beach.
Estaciones y fiestas. Easter is a great

holiday.
Idiomas. Italian is very romantic.
NO SE USA
Colores. Red is my favourite
colour.
Deportes, actividades y Swimming is good for

juegos. you.
Comidas. Lunch, breakfast and

supper are the meals of
the day.
Expresiones. At night.
NO SE USA
Cuando nos referimos al Wine is good for you.
sentido general de algo.
The wine from Pinoso is
the best.
Partes del cuerpo. Wash your hair.
Canales hechos por el Suez canal.

hombre.
Con las palabras “bed”, He is in bed.
“school”, “hospital”,
“prison”, college”,
“university”.
NO SE USA
Con las comidas. I have lunch at home.
Con “ver la tele”. I never watch TV.
Con personas. Doctor Ferreira no The

doctor Ferreira.
BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER,
EITHER, EACH, EVERY, NO.
Both. Both Peter and Sarah like
Ambos. confetti.
Both….and. I like both the film and the

Tanto como. book.
Both of them. Both of them are happy

Ellos dos.
Neither. Ninguno. Neither of them came to my
Ni. party.
Either....or. Either you come with me or go with
O…..o. him.
Neither....n I like neither coffee nor tea.

or. Ni….ni.
All. All the students were happy after the
Todos. Más exam.
de dos.
None. None of my friends wanted to buy
Ninguno. my car.
Más de dos
Most. Most of them are from Canada.
La mayoría,
la mayor
parte.
Each. Each student must buy a dictionary.
Cada uno.
Every. Every citizen paid the taxes.
Todos y
cada uno
No. Nada. I have no money now.
LOS ADJETIVOS.
Modificar al sustantivo y normalmente le preceden.
A red car.
Al ser en inglés parte invariable
I have a red car. She has a red dress.
My daughter wears red shoes.They have red

skirts.
USOS
Detrás de los verbos She is nice.
copulativos: be, look,
sound, taste, appear,
seem, get, feel, stay,
fall, etc.
Algunos siempre llevan I am interested in
preposición. politics.
Los participios pueden He is tired.

hacer las veces de
adjetivos. He is tyring.
EL ADJETIVO
Los que van delante A beautiful song.

se llaman atributivos.
Los que van detrás se She is alive.

llaman predicativos
LA COMPARACIÓN CON
ADJETIVOS
IGUALDAD
As... As. I am as tall as you are.

Tan como.
En los puntos va el
adjetivo.
So.....as. He is not so intelligent
No tan como. as his brother Mike.
LA COMPARACIÓN CON
ADJETIVOS
• Los monosiíabos y bisílabos añaden “-er” en el

comparativo.
• Los monosílabos acabados en una consonante

precedida de una única vocal, duplican la
consonante. Como en fat. Fatter.
• Si acaban en “-y” se sustituye por “i”.

LA COMPARACIÓN
POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
Tall. Taller. The tallest.
Big. Bigger . The biggest.
Happy. Happier. The happiest

LA COMPARACIÓN
Comfortable More The most

comfortable. comfortable.
Interesting. More The most

interesting. interesting.
EL COMPARATIVO
“-Er”. I am taller now.
More….than. It is more interesting

than the film.
Comparativo + and + I am getting fatter and

comparativo. fatter.
The + comparativo, the + The richer, the sillier.

comparativo.
EL SUPERLATIVO
The .....est The richest people in

Elda.
Con adjetivos de una o dos
silabas.
Se utiliza in para lugares y

periodos de tiempo.
The + most + adjetivo The most beautiful girl
Con los de dos o más in town.
silabas.
COMPARATIVO DE
INFERIORIDAD
Less + adj + than. She is less intelligent
than Rose.
The least + adjetivo The least important of

indican inferioridad. all his novels.

Busy. Less busy. The least
busy.
LOS IRREGULARES
Good. Better. The best.

Bueno. Mejor. El mejor
Bad. Worse. The worst.
Malo. Peor. El peor.
Little. Less. The least.
Poco. Menos. El menos.
LOS IRREGULARES
Much / Many. More. The most.

Mucho. Más. El más.
Far. Farther. The farthest.

Lejos. Más lejos. Lo más lejano.
Old. Elder. The eldest.
Viejo. Más viejo. El más viejo.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. AT
Puntos We stopped at the zoo.
concretos.
Cafés y We'll eat at MacDonald's, in

restaurantes San Juan Beach.
Sitios donde I was at school and then at

se estudia o university later on I worked
trabaja. at IBM.
Nombres de He was at a meeting, then

actividades at the theatre and later at a
de grupo concert and at a lecture,
afterwards at a match and
finally at the cinema.
Con el número I lived at 35 Príncipe de Asturias.
de la calle
Horas I wake up at six.
Navidad y At Christmas I buy many presents

Pascua and at Easter I go to the beach.
Expresiones At present I’m reading a novel.
He died at the age of 81.

EXPRESIONES CON AT
At night. At sunrise. At noon. At sunset.
Por la Al amanecer Al mediodia Al atardecer
noche.
At first At At this At last.
sight. midnight. moment. Al fín.
A primera Al mediodia En este
vista. momento.
EXPRESIONES CON AT
At the At the At the top. At work.

bus-stop. office. En la parte En el
En la parada En la oficina. de arriba. trabajo.
del autobús.
At the At least. At the

station. Al menos. bottom.
En la En la parte
estación. de abajo.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. ON
Tocando o We have a house on the river.
cercano a una
línea, Benidorm is on the coast.
Elche is on the road to Murcia.
Tocando una The keys are on the table.

superficie.
Transportes I saw her on the plane/on the
públicos, train/on the bus.
caballos, motos
y bicicletas.
Con pisos. I live on the second floor.
Días. I study French on Monday.
On St. Valentine’s many people

buy diamonds.
Expresiones. The train arrived on time.
He is on a business trip.
The soldier is on duty.
Páginas. On page 26 you will find the

exercises.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. IN
Cuando algo My friends are in the cuartelillo.
está dentro de The bottles are in the fridge.
algo.
Con países. I live in Spain.
Con regiones. They are in the Sahara.

Con grandes We spent the summer in the

islas. Canary islands.
Partes del I have a pain in my

cuerpo. stomach.
Con coche, I saw him in a new Mercedes.
taxi y
avioneta.
Con algunos In bed.
lugares.
In hospital.
Nombres de I lived in Onesimo Redondo

calles. street.
Partes del día I read the paper in the morning.
Meses. I got married in October.
Años. I met my wife in 1982.
Estaciones. I go to San Juan beach in

summer.
Siglos. In he l9th century people did not

wear jeans.
Períodos de Spain was very rich in the Middle

tiempo. Ages.
EXPRESIONES CON IN
in a hurry. In any case in danger
in love in order. In other

words
In private
ADVERBIOS
Modificando adverbios. He writes quite

quickly.
Modificando adjetivos. It is very cheap.
Modificando frases. Perhaps they will

win.
LA COMPARACION DE LOS
ADVERBIOS
Soon. Sooner. The soonest.
Quickly. More quickly. The most

quickly.
CLASIFICACIÓN
FRECUEN LUGA MODO GRADO TIEMPO
CIA R
Often. Away. Fast. Enough. Yesterday.
Frequently. There. Well. Very. Daily.
Sometim Near. Slowly. Almost Last week.

es.
Always. Here. Hardly Tomorrow.
Never. Rather
OJO CON ENOUGH
CON ADJETIVOS CON NOMBRES
He is rich enough He has enough money
Recuerda
Rich enough money
ADVERBIOS INTERROGTIVOS
Where. When. How. How far.
Why. Which. How long. How

often
YET, STILL, ALREADY, DURING
Y AGO
Yet. I haven't finished

Al final en the job yet.
interrogativas y
negativas.
Con el pretérito Have you seen her

perfecto, aún, yet?
todavía.
STILL
Still. My sister is still
Detrás de to be. working .
Todavía. Va entre
sujeto y verbo en I still love her.
afirmativas e
interrogativas Do they still live in
Sax?
Va detrás del
sujeto en He still hasn’t paid.
negativas. Da
énfasis
ALREADY
Already. This car is already
Va detrás de to be. too old.
Already. He has the tickets
En posición final already.
enfatiza.
Already. I have already
Se coloca entre el bought the grapes.
auxiliar y el verbo en Have you already
afirmativas bought the books?
DURING Y AGO
During. During the summer

Indica un período de I go to Santa Pola.
tiempo dentro de otro.
Ago. I went to Elche two

Se coloca al final de la days ago.
oración.
EL IMPERATIVO
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA
Infinitivo sin to. Do not + Inf sin to.
Go home. Don’t drink too

much.
Come here.
FORMA ENFÁTICA
Do go home.
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
•Equivale al presente de indicativo.
•Se forma con el sujeto más el infinitivo.
•La tercera persona del singular, (he, she, e it)

añaden “-s” o “-es”.
•Los verbos que terminan en “-ss”, “-sh”, “-ch”, “-“x,

“-o“ añaden “-es” en la tercera persona del
singular
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
AFIRMATIVA Sujeto + Inf sin to I play tennis.
He, she, it añaden (s) He kisses his

o (es) mother.
NEGATIVA Sujeto + do + not + I don’t like cocido.

Inf sin to.
He, She, It usan He doesn’t love
does. her.
Do + not contrae en We don’t smoke.
don’t.
Does + not contra en He doesn’t cook.
doesn’t.
INTERROGATIVA Do + S + Inf sin to. Do you love me?
USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Indicar hábitos o I never go to the
costumbres. university by car.
Para indicar The sun rises

verdades everyday.
universales.
Para planes futuros. The play begins at 8
and ends at 10.30.
UOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Para contar historias, A waiter asks a
cuentos, chistes, couple.
acontecimientos
deportivos, etc.
En el llamado Colombus discovers
presente històrico. America in 1492.
Horarios. The plane leaves at
7.00.
Con refranes. Time flies.
USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Always. Never. Occasionally Often.
Frequently. On Sometimes. Every

Sundays day.
Usually. Seldom. In winter.

BE GOING TO
Cuando se tiene I am going to visit my
intención de hacer algo. friend.
Para predecir algo. It’s going to rain.
Con un futuro She is going to get

relativamente inmediato. married next Sunday.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Am, I am
Is, Are + reading.
Verbo + Ing.
Negativa. Sujeto + Am, I am not
Is, Are + Not cooking.
+ Verbo + Ing.
Interrogativa Am, Is, Are + Are you
. Sujeto + Verbo listening to
+ Ing. me?
USOS DEL PRESENTE
CONTINUO
Acciones en proceso. I am paying my flat.
I am reading a good
book.
Acciones planificadas. I'm playing golf
with my friend
Eduardo next
Sunday.
Quejas sobre acciones They are always

que se repiten. complaining
FORMA –ING
ACABADOS EN –”E”
Have. Having.
Come. Coming.
Live. Living.
Practise. Practising.
FORMA –ING
ACABADOS EN
“-ie”
Die. Dying.
Lie. Lying.
FORMA –ING
ACABADOS EN
“Y”
Try. Trying.
Study. Studying.
Play. Playing.
Buy. Buying.
VERBOS QUE NO SE SUELEN USAR
EN LOS TIEMPOS CONTINUOS.
Believe. Feel. Appear.
Consider. Smell. Belong to.

Depend. Love. Have.
Doubt. Fear. Like.
Guess. See. Forget.
Hope. Taste. Owe.
EL PASADO SIMPLE. Regulares
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Inf sin I played
to + Ed chess.
Los acabados en
“-e” solo I loved her.
“-d”.
Negativa. Sujeto + Did not, I didn’t go
+ Inf sin to out.
Did + Not contrae
en din’t.
Interrogativa Did + Sujeto + Did you buy
. Inf sin to. the new CD?
LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES
Afirmativa. S+ 2 columna de I ate the cake.
la lista de verbos I bought a new
irregulares. house.
Negativa. S+ Did + Not + I didn’t eat the
Inf . cake.
Interrogativa. Did + S + Inf. Did you eat the
cake?
EL PASADO CONTINUO
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Was, I was
Were + Ing. reading
Time.
Negativa. Sujeto + Was, I was not
Were + Not + sleeping
Ing.
Interrogativa Was, Were + Were they
. Sujeto + Ing. playing
chess?
USOS DEL PASADO CONTINUO
Para hablar acerca de I was reading when
lo que estaba she came.
sucediendo.
Cuando dos acciones I was reading a
estaban ocurriendo al novel while she was
mismo tiempo. watching TV.
En descripciones. I was riding a car
and then...
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
• Este tiempo hace referencia a acciones ya

acabadas
• Como todos los tiempos perfectos, se forma

con el verbo to have y el Participio Pasado.
Afir. Sujeto + Have, Has I have
+ Participio Pasado. played
tennis.
Neg. Sujeto + Have, Has I have not

not + Participio played
Pasado. chess.
Inter. Have, Has + Sujeto Have you

+ Participio Pasado. played golf?
USOS DEL PRESENTE
PERFECTO
Acciones que ocurrieron I have eaten paella.

en el pasado
I have visited Paris.
Acciones que se han He has visited Madrid

repetido en el pasado. many times.
USOS DEL PRESENTE
PERFECTO
Con just, indica que la I have just seen my
acción ha ocurrido wife.
recientemente.
Con ever. (alguna vez) Have you ever been
to Rome?
Con always. I have always liked
the country.
Con already. We have already
finished.
FOR Y SINCE
Suelen acompañar a éste tiempo para

referirse a acciones que empezaron
en el pasado y que continúan hasta el
momento presente.
FOR Y SINCE
How long. Se utiliza para How long have you
preguntar por la duración. been wearing glasses?
For. I have lived in Elda for

Se emplea con períodos 40 years.
de tiempo. Desde hace.
Since. She has had the same
Nos remonta a un punto car since 1987.
concreto en el pasado.
Desde o desde que. I have been wearing
glasses since October.
EL PASADO PERFECTO
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Had I had seen
+ Participio her.
Pasado.
Negativa. Sujeto + Had I had not
not + gone.
Participio
Pasado.
Interrogativa Had + Sujeto Had she
. + Participio been with
Pasado you?
USOS DEL PASADO PERFECTO
Acciones que ocurrieron When I had finished

antes que otra. all my work, I went
to the swimming
pool.
EL FUTURO SlMPLE
Afir. Sujeto + Will + Inf I will go with
sin to. you.
Iré contigo.
Neg. Sujeto + Will not, + I will not pay
Inf sin to. for that.
No pagaré eso.
Inter. Will + Sujeto + Inf Will you
sin to. marry me?
¿Te casarás
conmigo?
USOS DEL FUTURO SlMPLE
En sugerencias. Shall we go to the
cinema?
En promesas. I will buy you the
car.
Determinaciones. I will go with you.
Énfasis. I will never do it

again.
USOS DEL FUTURO SlMPLE
Predicciones. They will win the
match.
Lógicamente, indica I will buy a Harley
acciones que ocurrirán. next year.
Con advertencias y If you don’t hurry,
condiciónes. you’ll be late.
Para expresar deseo o Don’t drink too much
rechazo ante algo. or you’ll get drunk.
Ofrecimientos. I'll help you with your
exercises.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
Afir. Sujeto + Will be + I will be
Inf sin to + Ing. driving to
Alicante.
Neg. Sujeto + Will not + I will not be

Inf sin to + Ing. eating there.
Inter. Will + Sujeto + Be + Will you be

Inf + Ing. studying in
Elx?
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
Afir. Sujeto + Will have I will have
+ Participio Pasado. eaten.
Neg Sujeto + Will have I will not

+ Not + Participio have eaten.
Pasado.
Inter Will + Sujeto + Will Will you

have + Participio have eaten?
Pasado.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
Afir. Sujeto + Will have + I will have
Participio Pasado. eaten.
Neg. Sujeto + Will have + Not I will not

+ Participio Pasado. have eaten.
Inter. Will + Sujeto + Will have Will you have

+ Participio Pasado. eaten?
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
Afir. Sujeto + Would + I would go
Inf sin to. with you.
Neg. Sujeto + Would not I would not

+ Inf sin to. pay that.
Inter. Would + Sujeto + Would you

Inf sin to. marry me?
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
Afir. Sujeto + Would + I would have
Have+ Participio gone with
Pasado. you.
Neg. Sujeto + Would not/ I would not
won't + Have+ have paid
Participio Pasado. that.
Inter. Would + Sujeto + Would you
Have+ Participio have
Pasado. married her?
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Afir. Sujeto + Inf. I live in Elda.
3ª p. (He, She, It) añade He kisses her.
“-s” o “-es
Neg. Sujeto + Don’t o I don’t like coffee.
Doesn’t + Inf She doesn’t smoke.
Inter. Do o Does + S + Inf? Do you love me?
Does he go to school?
Usos. Acciones habituales. I get up at 7.45.
Verdades universales. Snow is cold.
Horarios. The match starts at
Acciones en el futuro 6.00.
sujetas a un horario. The train leaves at 6.00.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: every day, always, usually,
often, never, generally, etc.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
Afir. S + Be (am, is, are) I am reading.
+ Ing.
Neg. S + Be + Not + Ing. She is not smoking.

Inter. Am, Is, Are + S + Are you running?
Ing?
Usos. Acciones en proceso I am readind a book.

Planes futuros. I am playing tennis
Acciones repetidas. tomorrow.
He is always talking.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: at present, nowadays,

now, at the moment, etc.
Afir. S + Have (have o I have played tennis.
has) + Participio I have eaten paella.
pasado
Neg. S + Have + Not + I have not washed the
Participo pasado. dishes.
I have not seen her.
Inter. Have o Has + S + Have you been there?
Participo pasado?
Usos. Acciones acabadas de I have read the book.
las que no se dice
cuando sucedieron.
Otros. Puede llevar just, for, since, already, yet, etc.

EL PASADO SIMPLE
Afir. S + Vb. Regular + ed I played.
S + Vb Irr ( I ate.
2ªColumna).
Neg. S + Did + Not I did not play.
(didn’t) + Inf. I did not eat.
Inter. Did + S + Inf? Did you play?
Did you eat?
Usos. Acciones que I went to Barcelona.
ocurrieron en el I was reading the paper
pasado. and then it began to
A veces acompaña al rain.
pasado continuo
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: last year, yesterday, two
days ago etc.
EL PASADO CONTINUO
Afir. S + Be (Was, Were) I was writing a
+ Ing. letter.
Neg. S + Was, Were + I was not writing a
Not + Ing letter.
Inter. Was, Were + S + Were you writing a
Ing? letter?
Usos. Acciones en proceso I was painting the
en el pasado. gate.
En narraciones. The girls were
Para descripciones. smiling.
CONTINUO
Afir. S + Have o Has +I have been
Been +Ing. learning English
for 20 years.
Neg. S + Have o Has+ I have not been
not + Been + Ing. sleeping.
Inter. Have o Has + S + Have you been
Been + Ing? reading?
Usos. Acciones pasadas que todavía continúan.
Otros. For y since le suelen acompañar.
EL PASADO PERFECTO
Afir. S + Had + Participio I had gone.
Pasado.
Neg. S + had + Not + I had not gone.
Participio Pasado.
Inter. Had + S + Participio Had she gone?
Pasado?.
Usos. Acciones que ocurrieron antes (past perfect)
que otra acción pasada (past simple).
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: when, before, by the
time etc.
‘Jim arrived, when Sarah had left’.
‘Before they finished, he had cooked lunch.’
EL PASADO PERFECTO
CONTINUO
Afir. S + Had + Been I had been
+ Ing. watching TV.
Neg. S + Had + Not + I had not been
Been + Ing. watching TV.
Inter. Had + S + Been Had she been
+ Ing?. ironing?
Usos. Acciones que estaban en proceso
antes que otra acción pasada
ocurriera.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE
Afir. S + Will o Shall + I will go.
Inf.
Neg. S + Will + Not + I will not go.
Inf.
Inter. Will + S + Inf? Will she come?
Usos. Acciones futuras.

Predicciones
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: tonight,

tomorrow, next year, in a month.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
Afir. S + Wil be + Ing I will be reading
Valle de Elda.
Neg. S + Will + Not + I will not be
Be + Ing. watching TV.
Inter. Will + S + Be + Will you be

Ing? working?
Usos. Acciones futuras en progreso.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
Afir. S + Will have + I will have arrived at
Participio Pasado. 7.00.
Neg. S + Will + Not + I will not have

Have + Participio finished.
Pasado.
Inter. Will + S + Have + Will she have paid?
Participio Pasado?
Usos. Acciones acabadas en el futuro.

EL FUTURO PERFECTO
CONTINUO
Afir. S + Will have + Been I will have been
+ Ing. working.
Neg. S + Will + Not + Have I will not have
+ Been + Ing. been working.
Inter. Will + S + Have + Will you have been
Been + Ing. working?
Usos. Acciones que estarán finalizadas en el futuro.
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
Afir. S + Would + Inf. I would go to
London.
Neg. S + Would + Not + I would not go to
Inf. London.
Inter Would + S + Inf? Would you go to
. Lisbon?
Usos Deseos en el presente o en el futuro.
.
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
Afir. S + Would + Have + I would have gone
Participio Pasado. to London.
Neg. S + Would + Not + I would not have

Have + Participio gone to London.
Pasado.
Inte. Would + S + Have + Would you have
Participio Pasado? gone to Paris?
Usos. Lamentos sobre acciones pasadas.

ORACIONES COPULATIVAS
And. He is tall and intelligent.
Y.
Both…and. They both teach French and
Tanto...como. Italian.
Moreover. It rained a lot, moreover it
Además. snowed.
Likewise. I bought a ham; likewise did my
De igual neighbour.
modo.
Besides. I have no money, besides I don’t
Además. want to buy anything else.
ORACIONES DISYUNTIVAS
Or. You can stay or come with us.

O.
Either…or. They are either Italian or

O…o. Greek.
Neither…nor. I neither like Wagner nor the

Ni...ni. Rolling Stones.
ORACIONES ADVERSATIVAS
But. I like Verdi but I prefer Puccini.
Pero.
Not Not only I read Valle de Elda but I
only…but also read Vivir en Elda.
also.
No sólo...sino
también.
Yet. She is pretty, yet nobody loves
Aunque. her.
Although. Although he is rich, he hasn’t
Aunque. many friends.
ORACIONES CAUSALES
Because. I became rich because I saved
Porque. a lot.
For. She studies for being a lawyer.
Para.
As. As I had studied French I
Como. could travelled alone.
Since. Since they are adults they can

Puesto que. go.
Owing to. The recital was cancelled
Ya que, debido a. owing to lack of audience.
ORACIONES FINALES
In order to. In order to be accepted you
Para. have to pay first.
So as to. They voted so as to elect the

Con el fin de. new President.
In case. I have an insurance in case I
En el caso de need it.
que. Por si.
For fear. He eats a lot of oranges for
Por miedo a. fear of getting a cold.
ORACIONES CONSECUTIVAS
So. He won the pools so he

Por eso. bought a new house.
Therefore. He has many friends
Por lo tanto. therefore he is never
alone.
Which is why. He is boring, which is why
Esa es la razón por la he’s always alone.
que.
So…that. I bought a present so that
Para que. you liked it.
ORACIONES COMPARATIVAS
As. He is as intelligent as his sister.
Como.
As…as. He is not as honest as his brother.
Tan como.
So…as. He is not so tall as me.

No tan como.
Similarly. Petrel has nice parks, similarly

Del mismo Elda has nice museums.
modo.
ORACIONES DE MODO
As. As a pianist she is the best.
Como.
Like. He eats like a lion.

Como.
ORACIONES CONCESIVAS
Although. Although I prefer to stay I have to
Aunque. go now.
Though. Though he is ill, he never

Aunque. complains.
Even though. Even though he is rich he never

Incluso. shows off.
Even if. Even if it rains I will go.

Incluso si.
ORACIONES ADVERSATIVAS
However. I liked it, however, I didn’t buy it.

Sin embargo.
No matter. No matter if you love her, she
No importa. doen’t love you.
In spite of. In spite of having lived in France
A pesar de . she doesn’t speak French.
Despite. Despite all the efforts he didn’t

A pesar de. win.
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
If. If you need me, phone me.

Si.
Unless. Unless you pay you can’t come
A menos que
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
When. When you want to visit us, let us
Cuando. know.
While. While I was in Italy I ate a lot of
Mientras. pasta.
Before. Before I worked in Elda, I worked
Antes. in Crevillente.
Since. I have lived here since 1962
Desde.
Whenever. Whenever he comes I visit him.
Cada vez que
Until. Until I found it I was sad.
Hasta.
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
Now. Now I am hungry.
Ahora.
Once. Once I pay the house I will buy a
Una vez. car.
No No sooner had they gone than I
sonner…than was asleep.
Apenas.
Finally. Finally I read the book.
Finalmente.
In short. In short they will be here.
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
Where. This is the house where we

Donde. lived until 1996.
Wherever. Wherever she goes she buys

Dondequiera some clothes.
que.
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO
Personas. Who. This is the man who

came here yesterday.
That. This is the man that
came yesterday.
Cosas. Which. This is the book which I

bought in Martín Fierro.
That. The house that I sold.
Posesión. Whose. The boy whose bike is

this is Mike.
Lugar. Where. This is the school where
I studied.
Tiempo. When. This is the day when I

was born.
Personas. Whom. The girl whom I loved.

Why. The reason why I
bought this is you.
What. And this is what he

said.
The thing This is the thing that we

that. should do.
LOS VERBOS MODALES
Can, could. May, might. Must.
Poder. Poder. Deber.
Would. Dare. Need.

Aux.del condicional. Atreverse Necesitar
Will, shall. Ought to.

Auxiliares de futuro Deber.
LOS VERBOS MODALES
Los verbos modales se llaman así al carecer de las

mayoría de las formas verbales.
Se usan para hacer suposiciones, sacar

conclusiones, hablar de posibilidades y establecer
conjeturas.
No tienen todos los tiempos verbales, por ejemplo,

“must” y “ought to” sólo tienen presente. Can, may,
dare y need, tienen presente y pasado.
LOS VERBOS MODALES
Tienen una única forma para todas las personas en
presente: I can. He can.
Van seguidos de Infinitivo sin to.I can ski. He must

study.
Hacen la negación y la interrogación como el verbo to

be. Can you ski?
No se construyen con to do, to have y to be. Can

she go?
LOS VERBOS MODALES
No tienen imperativo, infinitivo, ni participio de

presente ni de pasado.
No forman tiempos continuos ni perfectos.
Tampoco aparecen en formas pasivas.
She can swim. He must study everyday.

LOS VERBOS MODALES
Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias

temporales.He was able to go. I had to go
alone.
¿Van seguidos de infinitivo sin to, a excepción de

ought to, have to y used to.
I used to go to the disco.

CAN
Sólo se usa en el presente, para el resto se utiliza to
be able to.
Se puede traducir por poder o saber.
I can swim. I know how to swim.
l'll be able to go tonight.
Will he be able to come in time?
I have been able to finish it in time.

CAN
Expresa conocimiento y I can play the violin.
capacidad física e I can read.
intelectual.
Posibilidad. I can go with you.
Tambien para dar y Can I go with you?
recibir permiso.
Puede indicar You can’t smoke
prohibición en la forma here.
negativa.
Deducción negativa. They can’t be at
home.
CAN
Habilidad. I can swim.
Ofrecimientos. Can I help you?
Solamente se usa para el She can do it alone.
presente de indicativo.
Could se usa para el I could go yesterday.
pasado y el condicional. I could go tomorrow.
Sugerencias. You can come with us.

COULD
Indica habilidad en el I could translate
pasado. Italian at the age of 9.
Peticiones formales. Could I go with you?

MAY
Posibilidad. It may rain during

the weekend.
Permiso. May I come in ?
Prohibiciones. You may not stay
here.
Especulaciones. He may be in Ital
Sugerencias. If I may say so I will
buy it.
MIGHT
Expresa una It might snow in

posibildad más remota Benidorm but I doubt it.
que may.
Especulaciones. He might be working in

a new book.
MUST
Obligaciónes morales. I must visit my
friend, he is ill.
Consejos. You must visit the
museum, it is one of
the best in Spain.
Deducciónes. He must be out
because nobody
answers the phone.
Prohibiciones. You must not come
here again.
HAVE TO
Obligación normalmente You have to drive with
impuesta. a helmet.
Para indicar costumbres. I have to take an

aspirin every night.
En negativa, indica que You don't have to stay

algo no es necesario. if you have something
to do.
SHOULD, OUGHT TO
Para dar consejos. You should go to
the Yemo Cineplex
cinemas.
You ought to spend

more time with
them.
WILL
Auxiliar del futuro simple. I will buy a sandwich
when I finish this.
Predicciones sobre el It will be sunny.

futuro.
Decisiones. I will buy a new car.
Ofrecimientos. I will do it.

Peticiones. Will you pass me the
salt?
WOULD
Peticiones y Would you like to

ofrecimientos. come with me?
Hábitos y rutinas en el In 1998 I would walk

pasado. a lot.
SHALL
Auxiliar de futuro I shall go.
Puede expresar cierta We shall never

determinación surrender.
USED TO
Hábitos en el I used to sing in

pasado. the shower.
NEED
Verbo modal o verbo ordinario.
He needs a lot of money to get married.
You needn’t come tomorrow.
Need to indica necesidad.
I need to consult a good doctor.

NEED
• He needs to have more money to buy this
car.
• Para la forma negativa e interrogativa hay dos

opciones:
• Need you buy so much?
• Do you need to buy so much?

RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS
MODALES
Can. Habilidades. I can swim.
Petición de Can I come in?
permiso. He can’t go now.
Imposibilidad.
Could. Habilidad en el He could read
pasado. Russian.
Posibilidad. They could be in
Imposibilidad. Tokyo.
Sugerencias. I couldn’t buy the
car.
You could try next
MODALES
May. Posibilidad. It may rain
Permiso. tomorrow.
Prohibición May I come in?
You may not
smoke here.
Might. Posibilidad It might snow.

remota.
MODALES
Will. Predicciones. They will come.
Decisiones. I will buy a Harley.
Would. Peticiones Would you marry
formales. me?
Acciones pasadas. I would play tennis
Preferencias. when I was 10.
I would rather go to
the cinema.
Shall. Peticiones Shall I open the
formales. window?
Acciones futuras. I shall visit her.
MODALES
Should Consejos. You should buy her a
Ought to. diamond.
Must. Obligación. I must study.

Prohibiciones. You must not go with
that boy.
MODALES
May, might Deducciones They may have gone.
Could, donde no She could have seen
+ Have + tenemos her.
Participio mucha
Pasado. seguridad.
Need. Necesidad. You are going to need

a lot of help.
Needn’t. Ausencia de You needn’t come

necesidad. tomorrow.
MODALES
Have to. Obligaciones You have to drive on
impuestas. the right.
Be able to. Habilidades. He is able to make a

cake.
Must, can’t Deducciones. They must have

have + PP. bought a new house.
They can’t have come
here this morning.
QUESTION TAGS (COLETILLAS)
Preguntas que sirven para confirmar una suposición.
Tienen dos partes, si la primera es afirmativa, la

segunda será negativa.
Las frases con verbos auxiliares o defectivos forman

la coletilla con el mismo verbo.
Con los demás verbos se usan las partículas do, does,

en presente.
QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
You are from Petrel, aren't you?
You aren’t from Petrel, are you?
She isn’t from Sax, is she?
He has a Harley, hasn't he?
You can swim, can't you?

QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
She couldn't run fast, could she?
You study every day, don't you?
She plays golf, doesn't she?
You don't speak Chinese, do you?
She doesn't write very well, does she?
You went to Milan, didn't you?

QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
En futuro se usa will y won't.
They will come tomorrow, won't they?
They won't come tomorrow, will they?
En condicional se usa would.
They would buy it if they could, wouldn't they?
She wouldn't buy it, would she?

QUESTION TAGS
(COLETILLAS)
• Recuerda que son como una pila
• Positivo-negativo
• Negativo-positivo
SAY Y TELL
 Tienen el mismo significado, decir y contar.
 To tell va con un complemento indirecto.
To say solo necesita un complemento directo.
I told her your story
I told your story to her.
I said that I was going to move to Sax.

MAKE Y DO
Comparten el significado de hacer
No existen reglas
To make tiene el matiz de fabricar.

MAKE Y DO
Everybody makes I always do the ironing.
mistakes.
He is always How do you do?

making friends.
He makes a lot of I do the cooking.

noise.
I´m going to We do business with

make you my last Japan.
offer.
MAKE Y DO
I make many His son is doing badly at
telephone calls. university.
I make the beds in He does well in his job.

the morning.
Make me a promise. I do the dusting on

Tuesday.
She is making My sister does the washing
coffee. up.
She made a fortune She did her hair yesterday.

in Cuba.
EXCLAMACIONES
What a. What a yacht.
Se usa con
sustantivos.
También con adjetivos What a pretty girl.
What. What pretty girls.

Se usa con plurales e What horribe films.
incontables. What weather.
EXCLAMACIONES
How. How beautiful.
Se usa con adjetivos How fast.
y adverbios.
Oraciones Isn’t he the perfect

interrogativas football player?
negativas.
PRIMER TIPO SEGUNDO TIPO TERCER
TIPO
Acciones probables Acciones Acciones
en presente o improbables, imposibles.
futuro. situaciones
hipotéticas.
Si llueve me mojo. Si lloviera me Si hubiera
mojaría. llovido me
habría
mojado.
Primer tipo: If + If I eat chocolate, I get
presente + presente. fat.
También podemos tener: If I eat chocolate, I will
If + presente + futuro. get fat.
Segundo tipo: If + If I ate chocolate, I

pasado simple + would get fat.
conditional simple.
Tercer tipo: If + If I had eaten chocolate,
pasado perfecto + I would have got fat.
condicional perfecto.
OTRAS COMBINACIONES
If + presente + If I finish early I can go.
modal.
should + imperativo. Should you see her give her
my regards.
Imperativo + Stop shouting or I will get
conjunction + clause angry.
Unless se suele We won’t go out unless you
emplear en lugar de pay.
if not.
Con imperativo. If you are hungry, eat
something
OTRAS COMBINACIONES
Suppose. Suppose you are rich, would
you live in a big house?
Supposing. Supposing you find a wallet
with money, what will you
do?
As long as. You could go as long as you
pay your part.
On the condition On the condition that you pay
that. you can be with us.
Provided. Provided you want it I will
give it to you.
LA VOZ PASIVA
Se usa para resaltar más la acción que el sujeto.
 Puede que desconozcamos al autor de la acción o

que no nos interese.
En inglés se usa mucho más que en castellano.

FÓRMULA
• CD pasa a Sujeto
• Se utiliza el verbo To be en el mismo tiempo
• Aparece el Participio Pasado
• Yo como pan. El pan es comido

LA VOZ PASIVA T. SIMPLES
ACTIVA PASIVA
I eat bread with Bread with olive oil is

olive oil. eaten.
I ate bread with Bread with olive oil was

olive oil. eaten.
I will eat bread Bread will be eaten

I would eat braed Bread would be eaten
LA VOZ PASIVA T. CONTINUOS
ACTIVA PASIVA
I am eating bread Bread is being eaten
I was eating bread Bread was being eaten
I will be eating Bread will be being eaten

bread
I would be eating Bread would be being eaten
bread
LA VOZ PASIVA T. PERFECTOS
ACTIVA PASIVA
I have eaten Bread has been eaten

bread
I had eaten bread Bread had been eaten
I will have eaten Bread will have been eaten

bread
I would have Bread would have been eaten
eaten bread
LA VOZ PASIVA
by indica el complemento agente.
It was done by my mother.

LA VOZ PASIVA. C INDIRECTO
Con estos verbos se puede usar el
complemento indirecto como sujeto.
Esto no ocurre en español.
Give. Lend. Offer. Pay.

Dar. Prestar. Ofrecer. Pagar.
Promise. Refuse. Send. Show.

Prometer. Negarse a. Enviar. Mostrar.
LA VOZ PASIVA. C INDIRECTO
I gave Mary a kiss. Mary was given a

kiss.
I showed my friend my My friend was
house. shown my house.
It is said that he is going to be promoted.

LA VOZ PASIVA. OTROS VERBOS
To know. To believe. To think.

Saber. Creer. Pensar.
To say. To consider.
Decir. Considerar
It is said that it was stolen

It is believed thathe was murdered
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO
Para contar lo que dijo alguien.
Los verbos suelen ir en pasado.
En estilo indirecto la frase suele empezar con

un verbo.
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO. VERBOS
Say. Tell. Ask.

Decir Contar. Preguntar.
Explain. Complain. Warn.
Explicar. Quejarse. Advertir.
Declare. State. Announce.
Declarar. Afirmar. Anunciar.
Inquire. Think. Claim.
Solicitar. Pensar. Reclamar
Point out. Remark. Protest.
Señalar. Remarcar. Protestar
CAMBIOS
El tiempo de lo narrado da un salto hacia atrás
Las preguntas dejan de serlo.
Cambios: en expresiones temporales, en los tiempos

verbales y en los pronombres.
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO.
Presente Simple. Pasado Simple.
I live in Elda. He said he lived in Elda.
Presente Continuo. Pasado Continuo.
I am reading a book. He said he was reading a
book.
Presente Perfecto Simple. Pasado Perfecto Simple.
I have bought a car. He said he had bought a
car.
Presente Perfecto Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
Continuo.
I have been He said he had been

working with him. working with him.
Pasado Simple. Pasado Perfecto.

I went to London. He said he had gone to
London.
Pasado Continuo. Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
I was writing a He said he had been writing

letter. a letter.
Pasado Perfecto. Pasado Perfecto.
I had been there. He said he had been there.
Pasado Perfecto Pasado Perfecto Continuo.

Continuo.
I had been waiting He said he had been waiting
for you. for him.
Futuro Simple. Condicional Simple.
I will live in He said he would live in

Alicante. Alicante.
Futuro Continuo. Condicional Continuo.
I will be singing in He said he would be

a karaoke. singing in a karaoke.
Can. Could.
I can swim. He said he could swim.
Shall. Should.
I shall do it. He said he should do it.
May. Might.
It may rain today. He said it might rain that
day.
Must. Have To. Had To.
I must study. He said he had to study.
CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Now. Then.
I am happy now. He said he was happy
then.
Today. That day.
I am sad today. He said he was sad that
day.
Yesterday. The day before, The
previous day.
Yesterday I went He said he had gone to
to Madrid. Madrid the previous
day.
CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Tomorrow. The next day.
The following day.
The day after.
I will go to Valencia He said he would go to
tomorrow. Valencia the day after.
Next week. The following week.
Next week I will be He said he would be in
in Milan. Milan the following
week.
CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Last week. The previous week.
I cooked paella last He said he had

week. cooked paella the
previous week.
A Week Ago. The Week Before.
A week ago I He said he had played

played tennis in tennis in Almería the
Almeria. week before.
OTROS CAMBIOS
This. That.
I am going to buy He said he was going
this. to buy that.
These. Those.
These are my He said that those
friends. were his friends.
Here. There.
I live here. He said he lived there.
Now. Then.
Now I want a coffee. He said that then he
wanted a coffee.
ORDENES
Go out. He told us to go out.
Drink the mik. He ordered me to

drink the milk.
Go out. He invited me to go
out.
SUGERENCIAS
Let’s take a taxi. He suggested taking
a taxi.
He suggested that
we should take a
taxi.
PREGUNTAS
Where's Mary? He asked where Mary
was.
How can I go to He asked me how he
Elche? could go to Elche?
Why do you smoke? He wanted to know

why I smoked.
PREGUNTAS
What does she do? He asked what she
did.
When did you go He asked me when
to Petrel? I had gone to
Petrel.
WHAT IS LIKE
Se utiliza para recabar información sobre el
aspecto físico de alguien pues para saber
cómo es alguien de carácter usamos how.
What is your girlfriend like?
She is very pretty.

DESEOS Y QUEJAS
Wish. I wish I had lived in

America.
Expresa deseos, para
su traducción se debe I wish you would be
usar el subjuntivo. rich.
I wish you were quiet.

DESEOS
Would like. I would like to go to Paris.
I would like you to come

with me.
I would like a sandwich.

Would prefer. I’d prefer a coffee.
I would prefer to go with

you.
DESEOS
Prefer. I prefer tea to coffee.
I prefer swimming to
running.
I prefer to stay at home.

If only. If only she would stop
complaining.
Would rather. I’d rather not go.
I’d rather not go now.

EXPRESIONES DE INTERÉS
Had better. I had better go to have
a drink.
It's time. It's time to eat.
It's time for us to eat.
It's time we ate.
It's about time. It’s about time he came.
Used to. He used to drink quite a
lot.
I used to wear glasses,
but now I use contact
lenses.
To be used to. I am used to reading the
paper.
Enough. I have enough money.

I am rich enough.
Too. She is too old to climb the

mountain.
Fairly. He speaks English fairly
well.
Quite. He speaks English quite

well.
Rather. He speaks English rather

well.
Pretty. He speaks English pretty

well.
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
El que realiza la acción no es el sujeto sino otra

persona.
 Cortarse el pelo, hacerse un empaste.
El sujeto no se hace un empaste ni se corta el

pelo, sino que contrata un servicio.
I have my hair cut every month.
I have my car repaired when it breaks down.

EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
Esta estructura se puede usar en todos los tiempos.
En la interrogrativa y negativa utilizan los auxiliares,

do, does, did.
•Se usan los verbos causativos have y get.
Did you have your tooth fill?
Do you have your carpets cleaned every year?

VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN
Muchos verbos ingleses van acompañados de
preposiciones o adverbios. EJ. To look
I'm looking for a new job.
I am going to look up a word in the

dictionary.
We are looking forward to the festivities.

VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN
Pueden ser: separables e inseparables.
 Serán separables si podemos colocar los

complementos entre el verbo y la preposición.
I am going to put my coat on.
I am going to put on my coat.

FINAL
Para cualquier comentario o sugerencia
Pedro Civera Coloma
direelda@centres.cult.gva.es
pcivera@elx.uned.es

Repaso de La Gramatica Inglesa Todos Los Temas 10

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LENGUA INGLESA

Pedro Civera Coloma 2004

• Hace la negación añadiendo “not”

• Hace la interrogación por inversión.

• Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y

Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y

I’m Peter. Peter’s That’s Who’s

You are/you're. You were. You will be.

He is/he's. He was. He will be.

She is/she's She was. She will be.

It is/it's. It was. It will be.

We are/we're. We were. We will/ shall be.

You are/you're. You were. You will be.

They are/they're. They were. They will be.

PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO

Are not aren’t. Was not ‘ll.

Indicar la profesión. I am a teacher.

El credo religioso. He is a catholic.

La formación de la voz The book was written

How big is the town?

I am six feet tall.

Contrae con demostrativos That’s right.

Puede ir acompañado de la partícula “got”.

No se produce alteración del significado si

Tampoco se usa en las respuestas breves.

I have got a white car.

La construcción causativo I’m going to have my

I have I had I will have

He has He had She will have

PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO

Hace la negación añadiendo “not”

Interviene en la formación de las formas

Interrogativas. Do you love her? Did you go to

Uso enfático. He does love He did say what

I never do the cleaning.

Con la expresión “Yo I don’t smoke.

Es necesario usarlos para evitar ambigüedad.

Go to London, no sabríamos quién va, podría

En castellano no pasa lo mismo.

Vamos a Alicante, las desinencias verbales

We. Nosotros o Us. A nosotros, a Our. Nuestro, Ours. El Ourselves.

You .Vosotros o You. A vosotros, Your. Yours. El Yourselves.

Ella es alta. Dale esto a ella.

You are a teacher. This is for you.

“You” se puede traducir por Tú, Vd, vosotros,

You are young. I love you.

She gave me a kiss.

She gave a kiss to me.

acompaña al nombre lo substituye.

Mi casa es grande. La mía también.

My house is big. Mine is also big.

Acciones que recaen He washes himself

Enfatizan. He himself can go.

Pueden ir precedidos I went to Madrid by

One Another. “A todos” They gave presents

One. She is the prettiest

I was the second one

THlS este, esta, esto. THESE estos, estas.

THAT ese, esa, eso, aquel, THOSE esos, esas,

That woman is my wife.

These books are interesting.

Those girls are from Italy.

En ciertas expresiones. That’s right.