SHUBHAM ARORA

MBA
 The theory assumes that behavior results
from conscious choices among alternatives
whose purpose is to maximize pleasure and
minimize pain.
 The key elements to this theory are
referred to as following-
 1.Valence (V)
 2. Instrumentality (I)
 3. Expectancy (E)
 The term refers to the emotional orientation
people hold with respect to outcomes
(rewards) .
 The Valence of the individual must be
positive if motivation were to take place.
 The Instrumentality refers to the belief that
the first level outcome will lead to the second
level outcome .
 A low estimate of instrumentality will be
made if the employee fails to see such
linkage between performance and reward.
 Expectancy refers to the belief that an effort
will lead to completion of a task.
 If an employee sees no chance that effort will
lead to the desired performance, the
expectancy is zero.
 On the other hand if the employee is
confident that the task will be completed , the
expectancy has a value of 1.
 Motivation= Valence x Instrumentality x
Expectancy