ASESMEN KLINIS:

TES OBYEKTIF
• Tes kepribadian objektif disebut juga self-
report inventory

• Objective personality measure involve the

administration of a standard set of question
or statement to which the examinee respond
using a fixed set of options.

• Pilihan jawaban: benar/salah, ya/tidak,

skala dimensional
 KEUNTUNGAN
1. Ekonomis
Dapat dilakukan secara klasikal

2. Skoring & administrasi relatif sederhana

dan objektif
Interpretasi mjd lebih mudah & klinisi
hanya m’butuhkan sedikit kemampuan
interpretif
 KERUGIAN
1. Same score on a measure may have several alternative
interpretations
2. The transparent meaning of some inventories’ questions,
which can obviously facilitate faking on the part of some
patient  some test tend to dependheavily on the patient’s
self-knowledge
3. The forced-choice approach prevents individuals from
qualifying or elaborating their responses so that some
additional information may be lost or distorted
4. The limited understanding or even the limited reading
ability of some individuals may lead them to misinterpret
question
 Metode Konstruksi Tes Objektif
• Content Validation
 Involve:
a. Carefully defining all relevant aspects of the
variable you are attempting to measure
b. Consulting experts before generating items
c. Using judges to assess each potential item’s
relevance to the variable of interest
d. Using psychometric analyses to evaluate each
item
before you include it in your measure
 Potential Problem :
1. Can clinicians assume that every patient
interprets a given item in exactly the same way?
2. Can patient accurately report their own behavior
or emotions?
3. Will patient be honest, or will they attempt to
place themselves in a good light?
4. Can clinicians assume that the ‘expert’ can be
counted on to define the essence of the concept
they are trying to measure?
• Empirical Criterion Keying
 No assumption are made as to whether a patient is
telling the truth or the response really corresponds
to behavior or feelings – certain patient describe
themselves in a certain ways
 Members of particular diagnostic group will tend
to respond in the same way – not necessary to select
test item in a rational, theoretical fashion
 Problem:
Difficulty of interpreting the meaning of a score
• Factor Analysis/ Internal Consistency
 Examine the intercorrelations among the individual
items from many existing personality inventories
 Exploratory:
Atheoretical – begins by capturing a universe of
items
& and the proceeds to reduce them to basic elements
(personality, adjustment, diagnostic affiliation, etc)
in
attempt to arrive at the core traits and dimensions of
personality
 Confirmatory:
More theory driven, seeking to confirm a
  The strength:
The emphasis on an empirical demonstration that
items purporting to measure a variable or
dimension
of personality are highly related to one another
 The limitations:
The items are actually measuring the variable of
interest; we only know that the items tend to be
measuring the same ‘thing’

• Construct Validity Approach

Kombinasi 3 metode di atas
 MMPI & MMPI-2

• Publikasi oleh Hathaway & McKinley th.

1943
• Contoh t’baik dari pendekatan empirical
keying
 MMPI
• B’tujuan utk m’identifikasi diagnosa psikiatrik
individu
• Item2nya dirancang b’dasarkan tes kepribadian
sebelumnya, riwayat kasus, & pengalaman klinis
• Kategori psikiatrik: hypocondriasis (Hs), depression
(D), hysteria (Hy), psychopatic deviate (Pd), paranoia
(Pa), psychasthenia (Pt), schizophrenia (Sc), &
hypomania (Ma).
• Dua skala tambahan: masculinity-feminity (Mf) &
social introversion (Si)
• MMPI yg original tdd dari 550 items yg harus dijawab
pasien dgn ‘true’, ‘false’, & ‘cannot say’
• Digunakan utk usia 16 tahun ke atas, namun
 MMPI-2
• MMPI dikritik karena tidak mewakili populasi US
secara umum – partisipan hanya berasal dari area
Mineapolis dgn karaketristik yg berbeda
• Adanya MMPI-2 – dgn penyesuaian, jml item ada
704 item
• Digunakan utk usia 13 thn ke atas atau yg dapat
m’baca di kelas 8
• Bisa individual ataupun klasikal
• Dapat diskor dgn komputer
• T’dpt versi bahasa non-English
• Telah dikembangkan MMPI-2 utk remaja, yaitu
MMPI-A (adolescents)
• Validitas skala

 Problem: distortion through various tes-taking attitudes or

response sets.
 Utk m’deteksi faking bad, test-taking attitudes, & carelessness
atau misunderstanding, ada 4 skala validitas dalam MMPI:
1. ? (Cannot say) scale. Item yg tidak dijawab
2. F (Infrequency) scale. 60 item yg jarang dijawab. Nilai F
yg tinggi mungkin ada penyimpangan respons, atau
hipotesis lain ttg perilaku
3. L (Lie) scale. 15 items whose endorsement places the
respondent in a very positive light
4. K (Defensiveness) scale. 30 item suggest defensiveness in
admitting certain problems.
  Tiga skala validitas yg baru dalam MMPI-2
5. Fb (Back-page Infrequency) scale. 40 items occuring
near the end of the MMPI-2 are infrequently
endorsed
6. VRIN (Variable Response Inconsistency) scale. 67
pairs of item with either similar or opposite content
7. TRIN (True Response Inconsistency) scale. 23 items
pairs thar are opposite in content.
 Ketujuh skala validitas di atas digunakan utk memahami
motivasi & test-taking attitudes responden.

• MMPI dpt digunakan ketika klinisi m’butuhkan informasi

ttg bbrp masalah pasien, ketika klinisi harus membuat
hipotesis ttg status diagnostik pasien, mengetahui kekuatan
& kelemahan pasien