 Motors used for applications requiring

constant-speed
 Its speed is determined only by the
frequency of the ac voltage applied to the
motor terminals
 An ac motor can also be made variable but
only within certain limits
 Series/Universal

 Synchronous

 Induction
 Isthe same electrically as series DC motor
 The instantaneous magnetic polarities of the
armature and field oppose each other and
thereby resulting motor action or the
rotation.
 Speed/Load Characteristic
 Low on full load and high at no load (20000 rpm)
 Applications
 Vacuum Cleaners, Drink and Food Mixers
 Reversal of Rotation
 Reverse the flow of current of armature or field
winding through its connection on the brush
 Speed Control
 Resistance Method – the motor speed is
controlled by connecting variable resistance R in
series with the motor. This method is employed
for motors used in sewing machines. The amount
of resistance is changed by means of foot pedal.
 Speed Control
 Tapping Field Method – a field pole is tapped at
various point and speed is controlled by varying
field strengths.
 Speed Control
 Centrifugal Mechanism – Due to a
number of speeds, centrifugal
device is used and it is located
inside the motor. The switch is
adjustable by an external lever.
 If the motor speed rises above that
set by the lever, the centrifugal
device opens the contact thereby
reducing the speed.
 If the motor speed runs slow, the two
contacts close and short circuit the
resistance so that the motor speed
rises.
 Constructed essentially similar to an
alternator
 Constant speed between no load to full load
condition
 Used to drive dc generators
 Designed to sized up to thousands of
horsepowers
 Voltage Regulation
 Voltage at the end of a long transmission line
varies greatly especially when large inductive
loads are present. When an inductive load is
disconnected suddenly, voltage tends to rise
above its normal value due to line capacitance.
By installing synchronous motors with a field
regulator, voltage rise is controlled.
 Constant Speed Applications
 Centrifugal pumps, blowers, paper mills
 Power Factor Correction
 For a system with a large number of induction
motors and other devices having lagging p.f. such
as welders and fluorescent lights
 In dc motors, the electric power is conducted
in the armature through the brushes and
commutator. Hence the dc motor can be
called as conduction motor.
 However, in ac motor, the rotor does not
receive any electric power by conduction but
by induction in exactly the same as the two
winding transformer
 Advantages
 It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost
unbreakable construction
 Its cost is low and very reliable.
 It has high efficiency. In normal condition, no
brushes are needed hence frictional losses are
reduced.
 It requires minimum maintenance
 It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting
motor and has not to be synchronized.
 Disadvantages
 Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing
some efficiency.
 Just like dc shunt motor, its speed increases with
increase in load
 Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of
a dc shunt motor
 Construction
 Stator
 Rotors
 Squirrel Cage
 About 90% of the induction motor has this type of rotor
 Rotors
 Phase Wound
 Whatever type of rotor used, the basic
principle is the same. “The rotating
magnetic field generated in the stator
induces a magnetic field in the rotor. The
two fields interact and cause the rotor to
turn”.
 The air gap between the rotor and stator is
very small in order to obtain maximum
interaction between the fields.
 Slip
 In practice, the rotor never succeeds catching up
with the stator field. If it really did, then there
would be no relative speed between the two,
hence, no emf, rotor current and torque to
remain rotation. That is why the rotor speed is
less than that of the stator speed.
 The difference between the synchronous speed
and the actual speed of the rotor is known as slip
 Frequency of Motor
 f = PN/120
 Where:
 P is no. of poles
 N is speed in rpm
 f is frequency
A 12 pole 3 phase alternator driven at speed
of 500 rpm supplies power to an 8 pole 3
phase induction motor. If the slip of the
motor at full load is 3%, calculate the full
load speed of the rotor.

 Ans. 727.5 rpm