Part I: Amplifier Fundamentals

Agenda

 Ideal Amplifiers

 Configurations and Operation of Amplifiers

 Common Amplifier Source Errors

 Understanding Amplifier Specification

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 Why So MANY AMPS???

 Lots of Specifications
 Some are Important for Different Applications
 Each Amplifier is Designed to Improve or Optimize One or a
Combination of Specifications
 No Ideal Op Amp; YET?
 Specialty Amps for a Variety of Applications and Functions
 Current Amplifier Trends
 Power Consumption - Driven by portable applications
 Rail-to-Rail – Higher Dynamic range on lower supply voltage
 Smaller Packaging – Circuit density in portable applications
 Price – Higher Performance at lower Price

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3
 What is an “Ideal” Op Amp?

VIN
+
X -
G Y
VOUT
 Amplifies a small signal (X) to a larger signal (Y) by Gain of G
 Ideal Op Amp Characteristics
 Voltage at + Input = Voltage at - Input
 Infinite Input Impendence
 Zero Output Impendence
 Infinite Open Loop Gain
– In closed loop Negative Input=Positive Input
 Infinite Bandwidth

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 Standard Configurations

VIN Non-Inverting
+
-
VOUT R2
 1
R2

R1 VOUT VIN R1

R2 Inverting
VIN
R1 VOUT R2
-

+ VIN R1
VOUT
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 Operation of an “Ideal” Inverting Amplifier

Virtual Ground
Because +VIN = -VIN
Vin
I2 I1 
R1
R2 I1  I 2
I1
Vin Vout Vin
R1
-
Vout  0  R 2
+ R1
R2
Vout  Vin( )
R1

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 Operation of an “Ideal” Non-Inverting
Amplifier

Vin  V 1
Vin
+ Vout V1
- I1 
R2 R1
V1 I1 V1
Vout  V 1  R 2
R1
R1
R2
Vout  V 1(1  )
R1

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 Gain-bandwidth product

 GBW product = Gain x BandWidth

100000 AOL
10000 GBP=1,000,000
1000 X GBP=1,000,000
ACL
100 X
10

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 Nothing is ideal, friends..

IDEAL

-+

REAL
 Real Characteristics
 Finite open loop gain
 Offset voltage
 Input bias & offset currents
 Finite bandwidth
 And, these amplifiers are not free…

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 Input Error Sources

Ideal Output Impedance

Input Impedance (ZIN)
(ZOUT)
- A
-+
+
Input Offset Current (Ios)
Input Bias Current (Ib) Offset Voltage (Vos)

 VOS – The difference in voltage between the inputs [~mV]

 IB – The Current into the Inputs [~pA to mA]
 IOS – The difference between the + IB and – IB [~IB /10]
 ZIN – Input Impedance [MW to GW]
 ZOUT – Output Impedance [<1W]
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 Bias Current Drift and Offset Voltage Drift

 Offset Voltage is affected by the temperature

 Drift is Usually in Units of mV/ ºC
 Often a minimum and maximum VOS is Specified over the
Temperature Range of the amp
 Bias Current is also affected by temperature
 Drift is Usually in Units of nA/ ºC
 Often a minimum and maximum I BIAS is Specified over the
Temperature Range of the amp
 FET amplifiers have the lowest input Bias current

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 Very Low Bias Current Fast FETs ™
Amplifier Family Applications
R2
Vs
Isc
– Low DC Errors
– Low Ibias, Vos and Drift
Ib AD8065
+ – Low Noise
Vs – High-Speed
2 Precision
Photo Diode Pre-Amp
 Photodiode Isc is linear over 6-9 decades and is usually in the range
of pA-mA

 Sensitivity is determined by amount of Isc multiplied by R2

 Minimizing Ib will ensure the highest possible sensitivity of the system
 Additionally, maximizing the bandwidth minimizes the effects of Ib

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 Noise Gain

 Noise Gain - gain of error signals (VER) between the

inputs
 Non-Inverting noise gain = Voltage Gain [R2/R1]
 Inverting Noise gain = absolute value of the Voltage Gain +1
I
VER
I
R1 I
R2

 VER 
VOUT  VER   R1  R 2 Vout
-
  R1 VER +
VOUT
 1  R2
VER R1

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 All Input Error Sources End up
at the Output

 Input Referred Errors are multiplied by the Noise Gain

 Initial VOS and VOS Drift Shift VOUT from the expected DC level
– VOS drift multiplied by the change in temperature in ºC
– Example: 2mV initial offset + 10mV/C with 100C shift and a
gain of 5 creates 15mV offset at the output.
 IB and IB drift with resistance (R1II R2) at the summing node
effectively create an additional VOS
 Example: 10mA and R1 = R2 = 2k creates 10mV offset
IB

IB=10mA
R2
Vout  Vos  R2 * IB
Vout
-
R1 +
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 Input Voltage and Current Noise

Voltage or
Current
Noise
Density

CORNER FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
 2 Sources of Voltage and Current Noise
 Low frequency Noise
– Magnitude Increases as frequency decreases (1/f)
 Wideband noise is flat over frequency
– Usually Specified in Noise Density [nV/Hz and pA/Hz]
– Multiply by the square root of the frequency range to determine
the RMS noise
 The intersection is referred to as the corner frequency

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15
 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
& Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)

 CMRR is a ratio (output to input) of amplifier’s ability to reject an equal

signal on both of the inputs
Vout
CMRR  20 LOG
Vin
600 mV
4V CMRR  20 LOG  82dB
8V

4mV
-4V +
4V
-
-4mV

-4V
 Similarly, PSRR is a ratio (output to power supply variation) of amplifier’s
ability to reject power supply noise

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 Rail to Rail Amplifiers

 Rail-to-rail amplifiers maximize signal swing, either on the input, the

output or both.
 True Rail-Rail op amps can swing to within a few mV of their power
supply rails.
 Non rail-to-rail op amps usually require between 1-3 volts of headroom
to the supply rail
 Analog Devices Rail to Rail Amplifiers
 Rail to Rail Output
– Fast FETsTM
– AD8091/2 Very Low Cost, High-Performance
 Rail To Rail Input
– AD8031/2 Low Power High-Speed

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Rail to Rail vs. Non Rail to Rail Amplifiers

VIN
+VS
Out
-VS
In
VOUT
In
+VS
Out
R-R
-VS

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 Output Swing

Vout
Saturation

Increasing
Frequency
Vout
Operating Region Iout
Short Circuit

Iout
 Operating Region Decreases with Increased Frequency

 Output Power [dBm] = 10log[V2rms/(RL)] x1mW

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19
 Low-Power, Application Considerations

 Minimize supply voltage circuitry or battery requirements

 Reduce cooling requirements

 Lower Heat Dissipation Saves Cost and Space
– Smaller heat sinks
– Essential in higher density PCB
– Increases system stability and reliability
 Example:
 System with 5 AD8058
– (+/-5V)*(6.5mA/amp max)* (10 amps) = 650mW
 Using AD8039
– (+/-5V)*(1.7mA/amp max)* (10 amps) = 170mW
 ½ W Power savings
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 Relation Between
Open Loop Gain and Phase
 Oscillation will occur when Phase Delay 360° and a Gain >0dB
 Phase Margin is the phase remaining before oscillation where the
gain curve crosses 0dB
 Margin of Less than 30 degrees is too little for safe operation
50
Open Loop Gain vs Freq..
40 Gain 180

30 225

Degrees
20 270
AOL (dB)

10 315
Phase Phase margin
0 360

-10 405

-20 450
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
1000

Frequency (MHz)

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 Why Phase Margin is Important

 Excessive Peaking in the closed Loop Frequency Response will

reduce the phase margin.
 In the Time Domain, Low Phase margin causes Ringing
 Reducing phase margin further will create sustained ringing or
oscillation
4 0.2
2 0.1
0 0
-2

Volts
-0.1
dB

-4
-0.2
-6
-8 -0.3

-10 -0.4
-12 -0.5
1 10 100 1000 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Frequency MHz Time [uSec]

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 Slew Rate and Large Signal Bandwidth

Maximum Change in Voltage

dV
SlewRate 
dt max Change in Time

 Slew Rate Determines the Limit for Large Signal Bandwidth

SR
Bandwidth 
2  Amplitude High Slew Rate
AD8014

+
X Y
-
Slew Limited
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 Distortion

 Changes in the output wave form relative to the input

wave form
 For pure sign wave in, the output will have some energy at
multiples of the input frequency - harmonics
10
0
-10
Fundamental
-20
-30 3rd
-40
[dB]

-50 2nd
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
5 10 15 20 25 30

Frequency [MHz]
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Ultra Low-Distortion and Noise Applications

 Ideal for Buffering ADC Driver

Rf

Rg
+5V
+5 V
Passive AD8007
Filter + 500
.1 .1
15 26 28
6 50 24 AVDD DRVDD
500 8 5 VINB
Digital
2 V OCM AD9224 Outputs
50 50
50W 1
4
VINA
23 AVSS SENSE CML DRVSS
Source 525 3
 Other Applications .1 16 25 17 22 27
500
 IF/Baseband Amplifiers AD8138
-5V
 Precision Instruments
 Baseband and Video Communications
 Pin Diode Receivers
 Precision Buffer

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Various Distortion Specifications

THD – used for Audio and other systems

Total Harmonic Distortion - sum of all distortions at all harmonics
Usually 2nd and 3rd harmonics contribute the most

SFDR - used for communications and other systems

Spurious-Free Dynamic Range in dB
Range between the input signal and largest harmonic

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 NEW High Value, Low Price Products

 Fast FETsTM
 AD8034 and AD8065
– The Highest Bandwidth per Dollar among all FET input Amps $1.19 @ 1k (AD8034)
 Precision FET (PRA)
 Low-Cost High-Performance
 AD8091/2
– $0.69 @ 1k (AD8091)
 Auto Zero (PRA)
 Fast Speed-Low Power
 AD8038 and AD8039
– Highest Speed per mA at only $0.85 @ 1k (AD8038)
 CMOS (PRA)
 Low Distortion, Low Power
 AD8007/8
– Best Distortion at specified Is at only $1.19 @ 1k (AD8007)

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 Packaging Considerations

 All of the Amplifiers are available in small packaging

 Maximizes the density of the board
 Refer to the datasheet for particular amplifier package

Sewing Needle

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 To Be Continued…

Part II: Various Amplifier Configurations

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