CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

 INTRODUCTION:
 A cross drainage work is a structure carrying the
discharge from a natural stream across a canal
intercepting the stream. Canal comes across
obstructions like rivers, natural drains and other
canals. The various types of structures that are built
to carry the canal water across the above mentioned
obstructions or vice versa are called cross drainage
works. It is generally a very costly item and should
be avoided by:
 Diverting one stream into another.
 Changing the alignment of the canal so that it
crosses below the junction of two streams.
Necessity OF Cross Drainage Works
 The water-shed canals do not cross natural drainages.
But in actual orientation of the canal network, this
ideal condition may not be available and the obstacles
like natural drainages may be present across the canal.
So, the cross drainage works must be provided for
running the irrigation system.
 At the crossing point, the water of the canal and the
drainage get intermixed. So, for the smooth running of
the canal with its design discharge the cross drainage
works are required.
Cont…
 Types
 Depending upon levels and discharge, it may be of the
following types:
 An Aqueduct
 Siphon Aqueduct
List Of Materials
 Soil
 Aggregate
 Concrete
 Steel
Test Required
 Concrete Cube test
 Slump Cone test for workability
 Concrete Rebound Hammer
 Bending test of steel bar
 Sieve Analysis
 DESIGNING ON SITE LAB
1) MATERIAL: SOIL
Equipment :Basic Soil Sampling Kit
Cost : Rs. 100,000
2)Material : Aggregate
Equipment :Sieve Shaker, Digital Timer
Cost : Rs 56,000
Cumulative cost : Rs. 156,000
 Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size
distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates.This is done by
sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this
we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and
then pass aggregates through them and thus collect different
sized particles left over different sieves.
 The apparatus used are –
i) A set of IS Sieves of sizes – 80mm, 63mm, 50mm,
40mm,31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm,
6.3mm,4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm,
150µm and 75µm.
ii) Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of
the weight of the test sample.
 Procedure to determine particle size distribution
of Aggregates.
i) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a
temperature of 110 + 5oC and weighed.
 ii) The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
 iii) On completion of sieving, the material on each
sieve is weighed.
 iv) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is
calculated as a percentage of the total sample weight.
 v) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative
percentage of aggregates retained on each sieve and
dividing the sum by 100.
 3) Material :Concrete
 Equipments /(cost) :1) Concrete Cube Mold, Steel (Rs 5000)
 2) Slump Cone Set, Standard ( Rs 6000)
 3) Concrete Rebound Hammer (Rs.
30,000)
 Cumulative cost : Rs. 197,000
Concrete Slump Test For
Workability
 Procedure for Concrete Slump Cone Test:
 Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.
 Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base
plate.
 Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4
approximately equal layers.
 Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the
tamping rod in a uniform manner over the cross section of
the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping should
penetrate into the underlying layer.
 Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a
trowel.
Cont…
 Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between
the mould and the base plate.
 Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and
slowly in vertical direction.
 Measure the slump as the difference between the
height of the mould and that of height point of the
specimen being tested.
Cont…
4) Material: Steel Reinforcement Bars
Equipemets / Cost:-
1) Bend Rebend Machine (Rs. 10,000)
2) Weight Machine (Rs. 1000)
3) Cumulative Cost (Rs. 208000)
Layout
Types of Concrete Tests
 Fresh Concrete
 Slump test
 Compacting Factor test
 Flow Table test
 VeBe test
 Kelly Ball test
 Hardened Concrete
 Compressive Strength test
 Tensile Strength test
 Flexural Strength test
Slump Test A slump is used to determine the consistency of the concrete. The consistency,
or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the
concrete mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product quality.
Principle
The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone
of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of
concrete.
Apparatus
Slump cone : frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The base is 200 mm
(8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm
Procedure
 The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in three
layers, whose workability is to be tested .
 Each layer is tamped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod, rounded
at the end.
 When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off (leveled
with mold top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the temping rod.
 The mold must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it could
not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of handles or foot
– rests brazed to the mold.
  Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly
and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
 The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
 The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the
temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.
 The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).
Types Of Slump
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of
slumped concrete, the slump is termed as;
 Collapse Slump

 Shear Slump

 True Slump
Slump (mm) 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 120 120 - 200 200 - 220

Consistency Dry Stiff Plastic Wet Sloppy

Compaction Factor test
It is to measure the degree of compaction For the standard amount of work and thus offer
a direct and reasonably reliable assessment of the workability Of concrete. . the test require
measurement of the weight of the partially and fully compacted concrete and the ratio the
partially compacted weight to the fully compacted weight, which is always less than one, is
known as compacted factor.
For the normal range of concrete the
compacting factor lies between 0.8 - 0.92
Apparatus
 Trowels
 Hand Scoop (15.2 cm long)
 Rod of steel or other suitable material
(1.6 cm diameter, 61 cm long rounded
at one end ).
 Balance
Procedure
1) Ensure the apparatus and associated equipment are clean before test and free from hardened
concrete and superfluous water .
2) Weigh the bottom cylinder to nearest 10gm , put it back on the stand and cover it up with a
pair of floats .
3) Gently fill the upper hopper with the sampled concrete to the level of the rim with use of a
scoop .
4) Immediately open the trap door of the upper hopper and allow the sampled concrete to fall
into the middle hopper .
5) Remove the floats on top of the bottom cylinder and open the trap door of the middle hopper
allowing the sampled concrete to fall into the bottom cylinder .
6) Remove the surplus concrete above the top of the bottom cylinder by holding a float in each
hand and move towards each other to cut off the concrete across the top of cylinder
7) Wipe clean the outside of cylinder of concrete and weigh to nearest 10gm .
8) Subtract the weight of empty cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus concrete to obtain
the weight of partially compacted concrete .
9) Remove the concrete from the cylinder and refill with sampled concrete in layers .
10) Compact each layer thoroughly with the standard Compacting Bar to achieve full
compaction .
11) Float off the surplus concrete to top of cylinder and wipe it clean .
12) Weigh the cylinder to nearest 10gm and subtract the weight of empty cylinder from the
weight of cylinder plus concrete to obtain the weight of fully compacted concrete
 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
The compaction Factor(CF)=
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

Workability Slump (mm) C.F Uses

Very Low 0 - 25 0.78 Roads - Pavements

Low 25 - 50 0.85 Foundations Concrete

Medium 25 - 100 0.92 Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced Concrete (High

High 100 - 175 0.95 Reinforcement)
Flow table test
The flow table test or flow test is a method to determine the consistence of fresh concrete.
 Application When fresh concrete is delivered to a site by a truck mixer it is sometimes
necessary to check its consistence before pouring it into formwork.
 If the consistence is not correct, the concrete will not have the desired qualities once it has set,
particularly the desired strength. If the concrete is too pasty, it may result in cavities within
the concrete which leads to corrosion of the rebar, eventually leading to the formation of
cracks (as the rebar expands as it corrodes) which will accelerate the whole process, rather
like insufficient concrete cover. Cavities will also lower the stress the concrete is able to
support.
Equipment
 Flow table with a grip and a hinge, 70 cm x 70 cm.
 Abrams cone, open at the top and at the bottom –
30 cm high, 17 cm top diameter, 25 cm base diameter
 Water bucket and broom for wetting the flow table.
 Tamping rod, 60 cm height
 Scale for measurement.
Procedure
 The flow table is wetted.
 The cone is placed on the flow table and filled with fresh concrete in two layers, each layer 25
times tamp with tamping rod.
 The cone is lifted, allowing the concrete to flow.
 The flow table is then lifted up several centimeters and then dropped, causing the concrete flow a
little bit further.
 After this the diameter of the concrete is measured in a 6 different direction and take the average.
VeBe Test
Definition
 It is based on measuring the time (Called VEBE time) needed to transfer the shape of a concrete mix from
a frustum cone to a cylinder (these shapes are standardized by the apparatus of this test), by vibrating and
compacting the mix. The more VEBE time needed the less workable the mix is. This method is very useful
for stiff mixes.
Apparatus
 Cylindrical container with diameter
= 240 mm, and height = 200 mm
 Mold: the same mold used in the slump test.
 Disc : A transparent horizontal disc attached to a
rod which slides vertically
 Vibrating Table : 380*260 mm, supported by
four rubber shock absorbers
 Tamping Rod
 Stop watch
Procedure
1. Slump test as described earlier is performed, placing the slump cone inside the sheet metal
cylindrical pot of the consist meter.
2. The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turn and place on the top of the concrete in the
pot.
3. The electrical vibrator is then switched on and simultaneously a stop watch started.
4. The vibration is continued till such time as the conical shape of the concrete disappears and
the concrete assume a cylindrical shape.
5. This can be judge by observing the glass disc from the top disappearance of transparency.
6. Immediately when the concrete fully assume a cylindrical shape, the stop watch is switched
off.
7) This method is very suitable for very dry concrete whose slump value cannot be measure by
slump test, but the vibration is too vigorous for concrete with slump greater than about
50m.
8) The time required for the shape of concrete to change from slump cone shape to cylindrical
shape in second is known as Vibe Degree.

The test fails if VeBe Time is less than 5 seconds .. And the test must be created when no
collapse or shears slump in concrete.
 Observation and Calculations in Vee-Bee Test
 Initial reading from the graduated rod, before
unmolding (a) in mm
 The final reading on the graduated rod after removing
the mold (b) in mm
 Slump = a – b in mm
 The time required for complete remolding in seconds
 Hence the consistency of the concrete is measured in
———- vee-bee seconds.
Kelly Ball Test
Another method used in the field and laboratory to measure the consistency of
concrete is the ball penetration test (ASTM C360) which is also known as the Kelly ball
test.
Procedure
It is performed by measuring the penetration,
in inches, of a 6-in. diameter steel cylinder
with a hemi spherically shaped bottom , weighing 30 lbs.
Compressive strength test
 Cylinder : ASTM C470
 Cubes : British standard 150x150x150 mm3
Other sizes:
 Cylinder:100 × 200 or 150× 300 mm
 Cubes:100 × 100 × 100 mm3 or
C=Pσ/A
 For 150 mm cubes fill in 3 layers compact each layer 35 times.
 For 100 mm cubes fill in 3 layers compact each layer 25 times.
 No need for capping.
 For 150 x 300 mm cylinder, fill in 3 layers compact each layer 25 times.
 Capping to obtain a plane and smooth surface (thin layer ≈ 3mm).using,
Stiff Portland cement paste on freshly cast concrete, or mixture of
Sulphur and granular material, or high-strength gypsum plaster on
hardened concrete.
Factors Affecting Measured
Compressive Strength
• Stress Distribution in Specimens.
• Effect of L/d ratio.
• Specimen Geometry.
• Rate of Loading.
• Moisture Content.
• Temperature at Testing.
Stress Distribution in Specimens:
Typical Failure Modes for Test
Standard Cylinders:
a) Splitting;
(b) Shear;
(c) Splitting and shear (cone).
Typical Failure Modes for
Test Cubes:
(a) Non-Explosive
(b) Explosive
Effect of L/d ratio:
 The standard cylinder has a length to diameter Reference Cylinder : L/D
=2
ratio of 2.0 If L/D ratio is other than 2.0 a correction Strength (L/D) = C.F x Strength
factor must be applied to count for the restrainment (L/D=2)
effect of the platens; discussed earlier.
Specimen Geometry:
 Different geometries for a concrete specimen
can be used: Prisms, Cubes, and cylinders.
 As stated before, cube are more confined by
the platens thus have higher strength than cylinder made of the same concrete. It has been found that
σc=1.25 σcyl . As specimen size increases, strength decreases.
Rate of Loading:
 Higher rate of lading → higher strength.
Moisture Content:
 Standards require testing of concrete in SSD conditions (ASTM C39).
Temperature at Testing:
 Higher Temperature → lower strength
Tensile Strength
 Direct Tensile: No standard Test
 Indirect Tensile:
A . Splitting Tension Test.
The tensile strength of concrete is approximately
equal to10% of its compressive strength.

B . Flexural strength.
The test is useful since most concrete members
is loaded in bending rather than in axial tension.
Thus, it represents the concrete property of interest.
σf is calculated as:
σ=MC/I
 This test is mostly used for quality control of highways and airport runways. It gives more
useful information than do compression tests.
 Flexural strength is affected by:
Specimen Size ↑ = strength ↓ - Temperature: Same as in compression.
 The tensile strength of concrete is approximately equal to 10% of its compressive strength.
Introduction
 What is Ishikawa?

 Why use Ishikawa diagram?

Consider this example..
 Organizing a party
 Selecting venue
 Food
 Party Themes
 Goodie bags

 Say the party goes bad. What might be the problem?

 Food?
 Venue?
 Weather?
 Party games?
Thank You