Sampling

Population
• Entire group of people, events or anything of interest that
researcher is interested to investigate
• Example:

• QUALCOMM is interested to check how many manufactured BJTs

during last week follow I-V characteristics curve with 99.5%
accuracy. The population will be ……………………..

• Mr. Asad Umer is interested to study the effects of “Flexi work

hours” concept on the productivity of engineers and its impact on
GDP growth rate
 Population
Element:
• Single member of the population is called
element.

Example:
• Every single BJT or an engineer is an element
 Sample
• Sample is a subset of the population.

• It comprises of some members “selected” from the

population

• It helps in studying the characteristics of population

• Every single member of sample is called subject

 Sample
• Suppose, if QUALCOMM is fabricating 350,000 BJTs
weekly and researcher has picked 830 BJTs as a
sample, then each BJT from those 830 would be a
subject

• In “Flexi work hours” study, out of total 83,470

engineers, if a sample of 620 engineers has been
selected for the study, then each engineer is a
subject
 Parameters
• Characteristics of the population and sample are called
parameters

• Parameters of population are Population mean,

Population standard deviation and population variance

• Parameters of Sample are Sample mean, Sample

standard deviation and Sample variance

• Sample parameters must be as approximate to

population parameters as possible
Population Sample

Population Sample
Parameters Parameters
 Reason for Sampling
• Practically impossible to collect data or examine
every element of population

• Even, if it is possible, then would be infeasible in

terms of time, cost and other HR.

• Studies conducted by collecting samples may

produce even more reliable results than
conducted by considering entire population
 Representativeness of Samples
• A sample is rarely an exact replica of the population. It means,
sample means (X) is rarely likely to be equal to the population
mean (µ)

• However, if the chosen sample is right representative of the

population, then the sample parameters will be very close to
population parameters

• Closest to the population parameters depends on two factors:

 Sampling technique
 Statistical tools applied
 Normality of distribution
• Characteristics of population usually normally
distributed.

• It means most of the elements will be clustered

around the mean value, whereas only a small
number exist at extremes

• Sample should be chosen such that it follows the

normal characteristics of population
 Normality of distribution
• As we increase the sample size, it starts approaching
normal distribution curve

• Therefore, two most important issues in sampling

are:

 Sample Size (n)

 Sampling design
Normal distribution curve
Normal distribution curve
 Types of Sampling
1. Simple random sampling

2. Stratified random sampling

a) Proportionate stratified random sampling
b) Disproportionate stratified random sampling

3. Convenience sampling

4. Purposive sampling
a) Judgment sampling
b) Quota sampling
 Types of Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling:

• Every element in the population has a known and

equal chance of being selected

• Subjects are selected randomly

• It is least biased and can be generalized easily

• However, expensive and cumbersome

 Types of Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling:

• Sometimes, there are many identifiable

subgroups of elements in the population

• It involves stratification followed by random

selection of subjects from each stratum

• All strata are mutually exclusive

 Stratified Random Sampling
• Best sampling type while tracing the parameter
differences of the subgroups within a population

• It provides more information within a given

sample size and ensures representation of all
important stratum in the population

• Stratification ensures homogeneity within each

stratum , but heterogeneity between strata
 Types of Stratified Random Sampling

Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling:

• Subjects drawn from each stratum are proportionate

to the number of elements in the stratum

Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling:

• Number of subjects from each stratum is altered

while keeping the sample size unchanged
 Disproportionate Stratified Random
Sampling

• It is usually used when either the stratum is

too large or too small, when there is more
variability within a particular stratum or when
it is simpler, easier and economical to collect
data from one stratum than from others
 Convenience Sampling
• Collection of information from members of
the population who are conveniently available

• Mostly used during the exploratory phase of a

research project

• Considered as the best way of getting some

basic information quickly and cost effectively
 Purposive Sampling
• Instead of obtaining info from conveniently
available elements, sometime it is necessary
to obtain information from specific target
groups.

• It is because desired information is only

confined with them or researcher has set
some criteria
 Types of Purposive Sampling
• Judgment Sampling:

• It involves the choice of subjects who are in best position to

the required information

• Useful when a limited number or category of people have the

required information

• No generalizability at all

• Required special efforts to locate and gain access to the

individuals possessing the requisite information
 Types of Purposive Sampling
• Quota Sampling:

• Including certain and particular subjects along with imposing

quota.

• It is to ensure the adequate representation of certain people

or group in the study

• Usually considered as a form of …………………………………..

Sampling