EPIDEMIOLOGY K3

What is Epidemiology?

• The study of the distribution and

determinants of disease in
populations, to seek the causes of
both health and disease.
• Epidemiologist—a medical detective
who links observed problems with
potential causes, to arrive at a
diagnosis and design and implement
a mitigating response.
 The Epidemiology Triangle

Host

Agent Environment
 Examples
Host Agent Environment

Human Bacteria, Virus Water, Food, Air

Human Energy Automobile

 PENGERTIAN
• Epidemiology : the study of distribution and
determinants of disease in human population.
• Epidemiology study groups of people not
individuals
• Epidemiology has the dual task :
1. describing the distribution of; deaths,
accidents, illnesses and their precursors.
2. searching for the determinants of health,
injury, and the disease in the occupational
environment
 FAKTOR BERPERAN DALAM
PERUBAHAN KONSEP EPIDEMIOLOGY
• SHRINKING WORLD
• USIA HARAPAN HIDUP
• PERLUASAN PENGGUNAAN EPIDEMIOLOGY
• PENGAKUAN AKAN MANFAAT
 Uses of epidemiology
Genetic Environment

1. Cause
2. Natural history 3.Description of health status of pop.

GOOD HEALTH ILL HEALTH

4. Evaluation

Health Public Medical

Promotion Health Care
Services Services
 PERBEDAAN
EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL MEDICINE

POPULATION INDIVIDUALS

Studies/ Assessment Diagnosis

Prevention Treatment
Evaluation Curing
Planning Caring
 Public Health Tools
• Engineering
Host
• Enforcement
• Education

Agent Environment
 MEDICINE VS EPIDEMIOLOGY
MEDICINE EPIDEMIOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL POPULATION
CURATIVE PREVENTIVE
DIAGNOSE STUDY
THERAPY PROGRAM
MONITORING SURVEILLANCE
 Diagnostic Tools
Medicine Public Health
Individual Health Population Health

• Thermometer • Demographics
• Stethoscope • Vital statistics
• Individual data, • Epidemiology
medical history
 NUMBERS in EPIDEMIOLOGY
• ABSOLUTE
• RELATIVE ;
1. PERCENTAGE
2. RATIO
3. PROPORTION
4. RATE
 NUMBER
• Absolute ; Number of people of a country
• Percentage = number of part of something x 100
total number of something
• Ratio = A/B
• Proportion = A/A+B
• Rate = number of case x K
Pop.at risk
 RATE
• INCIDENCE RATE = NEW CASES X 100%
POP. AT RISK

• PREVALENCE RATE = NEW CASES + OLD CASES

TOT. POP

• PREVALENCE RATE = INCIDENCE RATE X DURATION

 BENTUK INCIDENCE RATE
NEW CASES
• MORBIDITY RATE = ----------------- X 100
POPULATION

• SEVERITY RATE = TOT. NUMBER OF DEATH

TOT. NUMBER OF CASES
 RATES – IN - OSH.
Incidence Accident Rate = number of LTA x K
Tot. pop. At risk
Accident Frequency Rate= number of LTA x K
Tot. man-hours
Accident Severity Rate = number of days lost x K
Tot. man-hours
 RISK
• RELATIVE RISK = INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED
INCIDENCE RATE AMONG NON EXPOSED

• ATTRIBUTABLE RISK = INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED ---

INCIDENCE RATE AMONG NONEXPOSED

• ATTRIBUTABLE RISK =
INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED --INCIDENCE RATE AMONGNONEXPOSED
INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED
 SENSITIVITY & SPECIFICITY
True diagnosis
Test result diseased not diseased total

Positive a b a+b
Negative c d c+d
total a+c b+d

Sensitivity = a/a+c
Specificity = d/ b+d