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Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Computer Design: - Introduction
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Computer Design: - Introduction
Technology Trends
• A successful instruction set architecture must be designed to survive
changes in computer implementation technology.
• Trends in implementation technology:
– Integrated circuit logic technology:
• Transistor density: 35% increase per year, quadruple in 4 years.
• Die size: 10%~20% increase per year
• Transistor count/per chip: 55% increase per year.
• Transistor speed: scales more slowly.
– DRAM:
• Density: 40%~60% increase per year recently.
• Cycle time : decrease 1/3 in 10 years.
– Magnetic disk:
• Density: 100% increase per year recently.
30% increase per year, double in 3 years, prior to 1990.
– Network technology
• Ethernet: 10M to 100M to 1G byte band width.
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-10
Scaling of IC Technology
• IC Process Technology
– 10um(1971) 0.18um(2001)
• IC Technology and Computer Performance
– Transistor performance
– Wire delay
– Power consumption
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-11
Prices of DRAM
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-13
Benchmark Suites
• SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation
Corporation)
– www.spec.org
• Benchmark types
– Desktop benchmarks
– Server benchmarks
– Embedded benchmarks
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-18
Desktop Benchmarks
• SPEC Benchmarks
– SPEC CPU2000 (SPEC95, SPEC92, SPEC89) (Fig. 1.12)
– Graphic benchmarks
• SPECviewperf
• SPECapc
• Window’s OS benchmarks (Fig. 1.11)
– Business Winstone
– CC Winstone
– Winbench
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-19
Server Benchmarks
• SPEC
– File server benchmarks: SPECSFS
• Measuring NFS performance
– Web server benchmarks: SPECWeb
• Simulate multiple clients requesting both static and dynamic pages.
• TPC (Transaction-Processing Council)
– TPC-A, TPC-C, TPC-H, TPC-R, TPC-W
• Simulate a business-oriented transactions (queries)
• www.tpc.org
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-20
Embedded Benchmarks
• EDN Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark
Consortium (EEMBC) (Fig. 1.13)
– Automotive/industrial
– Consumer
– Networking
– Office automation
– Telecommunications
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-21
Comparing Performance
Computer A Computer B Computer C
P1 (secs) 1 10 20
P2 (secs) 1000 100 20
Total time 1001 110 40
• Total execution time: A consistent summary measure
• Another metrics
– Average execution time (arithmetic mean)
– Harmonic mean
– Weighted execution time: Weighti Timei
– Geometric mean: n
n Executiontime ratioi
i 1
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-23
CPU time
CPIi Clock cycle time
n
– Sometimes i 1
and overall n
CPI CPIi
IC i
i 1 Instructio n count
– Example on page 44.
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-25
Principle of Locality
• Application of Amdahl’s Law
– A program spends 90% of execution time in on 10% of the
code.
– Temporal locality: Recently accessed items are likely to be
accessed in the near future.
– Spatial locality: Items whose addresses are near one
another tend to be referenced close together in time.
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Computer Design Rung-Bin Lin 1-27