FOURIER SERIES

Periodic Functions
 They exist in two groups
 i. sinusoidal function
 ii. Non-sinusoidal function
Sinusoidal functions;
• They take the form A sin wt or B Cos wt
e.g.
 CONT….
ii. Non sinusoidal
Functions can still be periodic without being sinusoidal e.g

The expression of the above periodic function is

 CONT…
Assign
1.Define the analytic expression of the periodic function below
 ORTHOGONAL RELATION
 A real valued function is said to be orthogonal if on the interval a,b it is

TYPES
 

  T for m =0

 
 CONT……
 

Proof
T T
2 2
1
T cos(m0t )cos(n0t )dt  2   cos  (m  n) t   cos  (m  n) t  dt
T
0 0
 
2 2
T T
1 1 1 1
 sin  (m  n)0t ] 2T  sin  (m  n)0t ] 2T
2 (m  n)0 
2 2 (m  n)0 
2

1 1 1 1
  sin[(m  n) ]  sin[(m  n) ]   sin[(m  n) ]  sin[(m  n) ]
2 (m  n)0 2 (m  n)0

 0 if m  n

Since sin kπ=0 for any k

 CONT……
If m = n ≠ 0 then we use the trigonometry cos2θ=½(1 + cos 2θ)
T T
2 2

 cos(m t ) cos(n t )dt   cos ( m0t )

2
0 0
T T
 
2 2
T
2
1

2   1  cos 2m t  dt
T
0

2
T T
1 2 1 2
 t  sin 2m0t
2 
T 4m0 
T
2 2

T

2

Similarly the other two orthogonal relations that can be proved are
T

2
 0 mn
T sin(m0t )sin(n0t )dt  T m  n  0
 
2 2
 CONT……
And
T
2

 sin(m t ) cos(n t )dt  0

T
0 0 for all m and n

2
 FOURIER SERIES EXPRESSION
• A Fourier series expression is given by
• ………….(1)

• Using the orthogonal relations above we can derive the constants a 0 ,an , bn .
• a0 is obtained by integrating both sides over limits being half the periods as show
and using expression
T
1 above
T T T
2 2 2  2 
1
 T
f (t )  a0
2  dt   [ a
T T n 1
n cos( m0t )]dt   [ b
T n 1
n sin(n0t )]dt
   
2 2 2 2
T T T T
2 2  2  2
1
 T
f (t )  a0
2  dt   a  cos(m t )dt   b  sin(m t )dt
T n 1
n
T
0
n 1
n
T
0
   
2 2 2 2
0
T
2
0
T
 T
f (t ) 
2
a0

2
T
2
2
a0 
T  T
f (t )

2
 CONT……
an is obtained by multiplying both sides of the Fourier expression 1 by cos (mw 0t)
T T T T
2 2 2  2 
1
T cos(n0t ) f (t )dt  2 a0 T cos(n0t )dt  T [
n 1
an cos(n0t )cos(m0t )]dt   [ bn cos(n0t )sin(n0t )]dt
T n 1
   
2 2 2 2
T T T T
2 2  2  2
1
T cos(n0t ) f (t )dt  2 a0 T cos(n0t )dt  
n 1
an  cos(n0t )cos(m0t )dt   bn  cos(n0t )sin(m0t )dt
T n 1 T
   
2 2 2 2
T 0 0
2
T
2
an   f (t )cos(n t )dt
T
0

2
T
2
2
an 
T  f (t )cos(n t )dt
T
0

2
 CONT……
bn is obtained by multiplying both sides by sin (mw 0t) and integrating over a
half a period as shown
T T T T
2 2 2  2 
1
T sin(m0t ) f (t )dt  2 a0 T sin(n0t )dt  T [
n 1
an cos(n0t )sin(m0t )]dt   [  bn sin(m0t )sin(n0t )]dt
T n 1
   
2 2 2 2
T T T T
2 2 0  2 0  2
1
T sin(m0t ) f (t )dt  2 a0 T sin(n0t )dt  
n 1
an  cos(n0t )sin(m0t )dt   bn  sin(n0t )sin(m0t )dt
T n 1 T
   
2 2 2 2
T
2
T
2
bn   T
f (t )sin(m0t )dt

2
T
2
2
bn 
T  T
f (t )sin(m0t )dt

2
 CONT……
NB/ In the formulas above our limit of integration is for T/2 to – T/2 hence
always if our periodic expressions are not so expressed then we must
convert them to read what we want.
Example

Soln.
Here T/2 = π

 
 CONT……

And
 CONT……
Similarly we find

Hence the series is

Example 2
Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = (x - 1)2 defined only on
the interval
-2 < x < 2.
soln
Let T/2 = 2
 CONT……

And
 CONT……

The Fourier series of this function is

Example 2(knec 2014 Nov)  

 0    x  
2

Determine the Fourier series of the periodic function f(x)  where
 
5  x
f ( x)   2 2
 
 0  x
 2

 f ( x  2 )
 1 1 1 1
 1     ...........
4 3 5 7 9
 CONT……
Soln T

2 2
2 2
2
T
2
1

an 
T  f ( x ) cos(m0 x)dx where 0  
T 2
1
 f ( x)dx   5dx T
a0  
T T   2
 
2
2
5 2 2
 x  
2  5cos(mx)dx
 2 

2
5 
1 1
 5sin(mx) 2
m 
2

5  m m 
 sin( )  sin(  )  0 if m  even
 m  2 2 
5 10
when m  1,5,9.... [1  (1)] 
 m
5 10
when m  3,7,11.... [1  (1)]  
 m
10
 ( )(1) n 1
n
 CONT……
a T

2 2
2
bn 
T  T
f ( x) sin(m0 x)dx where 0 
T
1

2

2
2

2  5sin(mx)dx


2

1 1
 5{ cos(mx) 2
 m 
2

5  m m 
   cos( )  cos(  )   0 for all m
m  2 2 

5 10  1 1 1 
f ( x)   cos x  cos 3x  cos 5 x  cos 7 x.......
2   3 5 7 
 CONT……
5 10  1 1 1 
5   cos(0)  cos 3(0)  cos 5(0)  cos 7(0).......
2   3 5 7 
 5 1 1 1 1
(5  )  1     ..........
10 2 3 5 7 9
 1 1 1 1
 1     ..........
4 3 5 7 9
Assign
A periodic function f(t) of period 2π is defined within the period 0 <t <2π
by

Sketch a graph of f(t) for -2π <t <3π and find a Fourier series expansion of
it.
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