ANTIBIOTICS

Introduction
 Antibiotics are the agent that produced by one
microorganism and kills or inhibits the growth of
other microorganism.

 Medication used to treat bacterial infections.

 The term antibiotic first used in 1942 by SELMAN

WAKSMAN
 History of Antibiotics
 1st antibiotic discovered by scientist
Alexander Fleming is
PENICILLIN in 1929

 Was working in his lab, trying

to kill a deadly bacteria, when
he noticed a blue mold growing
on the dish.
 Not an ordinary mold

 Learned that it was the mold

Penicillium Notatum.
 Penicillin is found in the mold.
 Noticed that the bacteria around
the mold was dissolving.
 In early days Penicillin was
administered in small doses
every three hours.
General structure of penicillin
 Antibiotics Classification
 On the basis of spectrum of antimicrobial activity

 1) Narrow spectrum antibiotics

eg. Benzyl penicillin, Bacitracin

 2) Broad spectrum antibiotics

eg. Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin
On the basis of chemical structure

 A) Beta lactam antibiotics

eg. Benzyl penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin

 B) Non beta lactam antibiotics

eg. Tetracyclin, Streptomycin

 C) Miscellaneous antibiotics
eg. Chloramphenicol
 A) Beta lactam antibiotics
 1) Benzyl penicillin (NOVOPEN)

Uses-Meningitis, Aspiration pneumonia,

Diphtheria
 2) Ampicillin (AMPILOX, CAMPILOX)

Uses-Bacterial Meningitis, Endocarditis,

Bronchitis
 B) Non beta lactam antibiotics
 1) Tetracyclin (LUPICYCLINE)

Uses-Plague, Ricketsial infections

 2) Streptomycin

Uses-Tuberculosis, Endocarditis
 C) Miscellaneous antibiotics
 1) Chloramphenicol (CHLOROCORT)

Uses-Typhoid, Meningitis, Fever, UTI

 Mechanism of antibiotics
 Bacteriostatic
eg. Tetracyclin, Chloramohenicol, Trimethoprim

 Bactericidal
eg. Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams
 Mode of action
 Inhibitors of DNA synthesis

 Inhibitors of protein synthesis

 Inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis

 Antibiotic Resistance
 Antibiotic resistance is form of drug resistance where
bacteria are able to survive after exposure to one or
more antibiotics.

 Prevention of antibiotics is most important.

Preventing antibiotic resistance
 Patients can :

 Take antibiotics exactly as doctor prescribes.

 Complete the prescribed course of treatment.
 Do not save the antibiotics for next illness.
 Only take antibiotics prescribed for you; do not share
or use leftover antibiotics.
 Do not ask for antibiotics when your doctor thinks you
do not need them.
 Healthcare providers can :

 Prescribes antibiotics correctly- Right drug at right

dose for right duration.
 See all the instructions on the prescription about dose,
duration, indication of the antibiotics.
 Stay aware of antibiotics resistance.
 Participates in and lead efforts within your hospitals to
improve prescribing practices.
 Novel antibiotics
Products Indications
1) Ceftobiprol Bacterial Pneumonia
(Inhibit cell wall synthesis)
2) Avibactam Complicated UIT
(Inhibit beta lactamase)
3) Plazomicin Uncomplicated UIT
(Inhibit protein synthesis)
4) Omadacyclin Acute bacterial skin infection
(Inhibit protein synthesis)
5) Ramoplanin Diarrhoea
(Inhibit cell wall production)
 Product Indications
6) Eravacyclin Complicated abdominal infection
(Inhibit protein synthesis)
7) Dalbavacin Acute bacterial skin infection
(Inhibit cell wall synthesis)
8) Tazobactam Urinary tract infection
(Inhibit beta lactamase)
9) Oritavancin Acute bacterial skin infection
(Inhibit cell wall synthesis)
 References
 M K Chattopadhyay and H-P Grossart, Antibiotic
resistance, intractable and here’s why, British Medical
Journal, Vol.341, p.c6848, 2010.

 R I Aminov, The role of antibiotics and antibiotic

resistance in nature, Environmental Microbiology, Vol.11,
pp.2970–2988, 2009.

 John M. Beale, Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, 11th edition, page no. 299-374