Types of

Note-Taking
Summary
presents the main points of a text and
condenses information essential to the
discussion. It is particularly good for
background information.
Consider the following news article from the
New York Times by Sheryl Gay Stolberg
posted on May 13, 2003:
By Foot and Chopper, Bush Surveys Tornado Damage
During a drenching downpour, Bush surveyed Saldana by
helicopter and on foot. Wearing a suit and dark blue
jacket with an umbrella over his head, the president saw
first-hand the damage caused by a twister which touched
down May 4 and blasted the town center apart with winds
estimated at up to 208 mph. The main street was
completely flattened, including stone buildings. Wooden
splinters were scattered about. The downtown was
demolished as it prepared to celebrate its 133rd
anniversary this weekend.
Summarized
President Bush visited Saldana, a city
where a major tornado touched down
and did major damage on May 4, 2003
(Stolberg, 2003).
Paraphrase
changing an author's words but
keeping the ideas. It may be as long
as the original source. It reduces a
complicated idea and makes the
language simpler for readers to
understand.
Original
The downtown was demolished as it
prepared to celebrate its 133rd anniversary
this weekend.

Paraphrased
As Saldana's citizens prepared for their
town's 133rd anniversary, disaster struck
their town (Stolberg, 2003).
Direct Quote
are good when the source states
ideas that are unique and expressed
in a particularly strong way or when
you want to quote the author to give
yourself an authoritative voice. It
means using the authors' words
exactly as they appear in the source.
Directly Quoted
In a New York Times news article
dated May 13, 2003, the author
describes the destruction: "The main
street was completely flattened,
including stone buildings. Wooden
splinters were scattered about"
(Stolberg, 2003).
Author’s Words Omitted
In a New York Times news article
dated May 13, 2003, the destruction of
Saldana is described: "The main street
was completely flattened. . . Wooden
splinters were scattered about"
(Stolberg, 2003).
Author’s Words Changed
In a New York Times news article
dated May 13, 2003, the destruction of
Saldana is described: "The main street
was completely flattened. . . [and
w]ooden splinters were scattered
about" (Stolberg, 2003).
Citing your sources:
Basic Documentation
Sources are cited in
two ways:
• Parenthetical, in-text citations
• Complete bibliographic citations in
the paper's References section
In-text Citations
As observed by Gerstl-Pepin (2006), social and emotional
interventions were more effective in improving academic
outcomes than changes in curriculum and teaching.

Research has proven that social and emotional

interventions were more effective in improving academic
outcomes than changes in curriculum and teaching
(Gerstl-Pepin, 2006).
Reference List
BOOK:
Smith, H. (1991). The world's religions. New York, NY:
Harper Collins.

JOURNAL ARTICLE:
Hoff, E. (2013). Interpreting the early language
trajectories of children from low SES and language
minority homes: Implications for closing
achievement gaps. Developmental Psychology,
49 (1), 4-14.
Reference List
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE:
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to
strengthen state energy policies. The Country
Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
Reference List
E-BOOK:
De Huff, E. (1976). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo
Indian tales. Retrieved from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/
taytay.html

ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL:

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living web. A
List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149
(26). Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Reference List
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE:
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook
linked to drug industry. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com