PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

REPORTED BY:

ANGELA MARIE M. DIWA

RICHARD DEMATE
RICHELLE CARULASAN
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
REPLICATION OF DNA MOLECULES

is the biochemical process by

-

which DNA molecules produce

exact duplicates of themselves.
• The breaking of hydrogen
bonds between bases of the
two antiparallel strands.
• Helicase is the enzyme that
splits the two strands. The
initiation point where the
splitting starts is called "origin
of replication". The structure
that is created is known as
"Replication Fork".
• Binding of RNA Primase in
the the initiation point of the
3'-5' parent chain. RNA
Primase can attract RNA
nucleotides which bind to
the DNA nucleotides of the
3'-5' strand due to the
hydrogen bonds between
the bases.
a)5'-3' Template: The 3'-5'
proceeding daughter strand
-that uses a 5'-3' template-
is called leading
strand because DNA
Polymerase ä can "read" the
template and continuously
adds nucleotides
• 3'-5'Template: The 3'-5'
template cannot be "read" by DNA
Polymerase ä. The replication of this
template is complicated and the new
strand is called lagging strand. In
the lagging strand the RNA Primase
adds more RNA Primers. DNA
polymerase å reads the template
and lengthens the bursts. The gap
between two RNA primers is called
"Okazaki Fragments".
•In the lagging strand
the DNA Pol I -
exonuclease- reads the
fragments and removes
the RNA Primers. The
gaps are closed with the
action of DNA Polymerase
and DNA Ligase.
This process happens when the DNA Polymerase
reaches to an end of the strands. So, the end of
the parental strand where the last primer binds
isn't replicated. These ends of linear
(chromosomal) DNA consists of noncoding DNA
that contains repeat sequences and are
called telomeres. As a result, a part of the
telomere is removed in every cycle of DNA
Replication.
• The DNA Replication is not
completed before
a mechanism of repair fixes
possible errors caused during
the replication. Enzymes
like nucleases remove the
wrong nucleotides and the
DNA Polymerase fills the
gaps.
TRANSCRIPTION
 TRANSCRIPTION
- is the process by which DNA is copied
(transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis.
Transcription takes place in two broad steps.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
•As with DNA replication, partial unwinding
of the double helix must occur before
transcription can take place, and it is the
RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze
this process. However, only one strand was
transcribed.
•The strand that contains the gene is called
the sense strand, while the complementary
strand is the antisense strand. The mRNA
produced in transcription is a copy of the
sense strand, but it is the antisense strand
that is transcribed.
•Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align
along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-
Crick base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA
polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together
to form a pre-messenger RNA molecule that is
complementary to a region of the antisense
DNA strand
 RNA SPLICING
• The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns
and create messenger RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA
splicing.
 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION

• Inreverse transcription, RNA is "reverse transcribed"

into DNA. This process, catalyzed by reverse
transcriptase enzymes. Reverse transcriptase
enzymes have also found applications in
biotechnology, allowing scientists to convert RNA to
DNA for techniques
TRANSLATION
 TRANSLATION

-is the process of translating the sequence

of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a
sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis.
Translation involves:
•mRNA
•Ribosomes - Ribosomal RNA
•Transfer RNA
•Genetic coding - codons
Activation of tRNA
In protein synthesis, a tRNA molecule takes a
specific activated amino acid to the site. The
amino acid is esterified to the 3' or 2' -hydroxyl
group of the terminal adenylate of tRNA. This
joining of tRNA and an amino acid forms an
aminoacyl-tRNA and is catalyzed by a specific
enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
(aaRS).
There are 20 aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase, one for each amino acid.
Similarly, there is a specific aaRS for
each tRNA. The esterification reaction
also called charging of the tRNA is
powered by ATP
Translation:
Initiation
The initiation stage of translation
brings together mRNA, tRNA
bearing the first amino acid of
the polypeptide, and two
subunits of a ribosome.
 MUTATIONS
• Purine-purine and pyrimidine-pyrimidine mismatches give rise
to transversion mutations and purine-pyrimidine mismatches
produce transition mutations . DNA polymerases have inbuilt
proofreading activity, enabling them to check for the
incorporation of incorrect nucleotides, remove them, and insert
the correct nucleotide. Even this, however, is not sufficient to
prevent mismatch formation.