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1 Efek Panas Review
1 Efek Panas Review
(Review)
• Heat transfer is one of the most common operations in
the chemical industry.
• Consider, the manufacture of ethylene glycol (an
antifreeze agent) by the oxidation of ethylene to
ethylene oxide and its subsequent hydration to glycol.
• The catalytic oxidation reaction is most effective when
carried out at temperatures near 523.15 K (250°C).
• The reactants, ethylene and air, are therefore heated to
this temperature before they enter the reactor.
• To design the preheater one must know how much heat
is transferred.
• The combustion reactions of ethylene with oxygen in
the catalyst bed tend to raise the temperature.
• However, heat is removed from the reactor, and the
temperature does not rise much above 523.15 K (250°C).
• Higher temperatures promote the production of C02, an
unwanted product.
• Design of the reactor requires knowledge of the rate of
heat transfer, and this depends on the heat effects
associated with the chemical reactions.
• The ethylene oxide product is hydrated to glycol by
absorption in water.
• Heat is evolved not only because of the phase change
and dissolution process but also because of the
hydration reaction between the dissolved ethylene
oxide and water.
• Finally, the glycol is recovered from water by distillation,
a process of vaporization and condensation, which
results in the separation of a solution into its
components.
• All of the important heat effects are illustrated by this
relatively simple chemical-manufacturing process.
PANAS SENSIBEL
U = U(T,V)
U U
dU dT dV
T V V T
U
dU C V dT dV
V T
U
dU C V dT dV
V T
dU = CV dT
T2
U C V dT (1)
T1
H =H(T,P)
H H
dH dT dP
T P P T
H
dH CPdT dP
P T
T2
Q H CP dT (3)
T1
KETERGANTUNGAN CP TERHADAP T
CP
A BT CT2 DT 2 (4)
R
ig
CP
A BT CT2 DT 2
R
Nilai parameter A, B, C, dan D untuk berbagai macam gas
dalam keadaan ideal dapat dilihat pada Tabel C.1.
Cig
V C ig
P 1 (5)
R R
PENYELESAIAN
ig
CP
A BT CT2 DT 2
R
A = 1,702
B = 9,081 103
C = 2,164 106
D=0
T1 = 260C = 533,15 K
T2 = 600C = 873,15 K
CPig
T2
Q H R dT
T1 R
T
T2 B 2 C 3 2
R A BT CT2 dT R AT T T
T1 2 3 T1
R A T2 T1
B 2
2
T2 T12
C 3
3
T2 T13
9,081 10 3
2
873,152 533,152
2,164 10 6
3
3 3
873,15 533,15
= 19.778 J
CONTOH SOAL
Berapa temperatur akhir jika panas sebanyak 0,4 106
(Btu) ditambahkan pada 25 (lb mol) ammonia yang
semula berada pada temperatur 500 (F) dalam suatu
proses alir steady yang berlangsung pada tekanan 1
(atm)?
PENYELESAIAN
Q 0,4 10 6
16.000 Btu lb mol = 37.218 J mol1
1
H
n 25
500 459,67
T1 533,15 K
1,8
A = 3,578
B = 3,02 103
C=0
D = 0,186 105
CPigT2
Q H R dT
T1 R
T
T2 B 2 2
1
R A BT DT 2 dT R AT T DT
T1 2 T1
B 2 1 1
R A T2 T1 T2 T1 D
2
2 T2 T1
3,02 10 3 2
2
T2 533,152
5 1 1
0 ,186 10
T2 533 ,15
Selanjutnya persamaan di atas diubah menjadi:
5
0 ,186 10
1,51 10 3 T22 3,578 T2 6.848 ,259 0
T2
atau f(T2) = 0
T2 f(T2)
1000 -1.741,66
900 -2.384,29
1200 -364,76
1250 -1,50
1250.2 -0.04
Jadi T2 = 1250,2 K
PANAS REAKSI STANDAR
1 3
N2 H2 NH3 H298 46.110 J
2 2
N2 3 H2 2 NH3
H298 92.220 J
PANAS PEMBENTUKAN STANDAR
CONTOH:
CO2(g) : C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) Hf298 393.509 J
H2O(g) : H2(s) + ½O2(g) H2O(g) Hf298 241.818 J
H2(g) : Hf298 0 J
CO2(g) C(s) + O2(g) H298 393.509 J / mol
C(s) + ½O2(g) CO(g) H298 110.525 J / mol
H2(g) + ½O2(g) H2O(g) H298 241.818 J / mol
CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g) H 298 41.166 J / mol
PANAS PEMBAKARAN STANDAR
CONTOH:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2 (g) H298 393.509 J
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H298 802.600 J
CH4O(g) + 1½O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H298 638.200 J
1 A1 2 A 2 . . . 3 A1 4 A1 . . .
CONTOH:
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
N2 1 H2 3 NH3 2
dHi CPi dT
i dHi i CPi dT
Penjumlahan untuk semua produk dan reaktan:
d i dHi d iHi i CPi dT
i i i
Menurut pers. (5):
Maka:
Jika diintegralkan:
T C
H H0 R P
dT (11)
T0 R
H T
Reaktan Produk
(T K) (T K)
H R H P
298 298 T
HR ni CPi dT ni CPi dT ni CPi dT
i T R i T R i 298 R
T T
HP ni CPi dT ni CPi dT
i 298 P i 298 P
T T
HT
H298 ni CPi dT ni CPi dT
i 298 P i 298 R
CP
T
HT H298
R dT
298 R
CONTOH SOAL
Hitung panas reaksi standar untuk sintesa metanol pada 800C
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
PENYELESAIAN
Tref = 298,15 K
H0 H298
200.660 110 .525 90.135 J
T C T
P
dT A B T C T 2 D T 2 dT
T0 R T0
T
B 2 C 3 D
A T T T
2 3 T T0
A T T0
2
B 2 2
T T0
C 3
3
3
1 1
T T0 D
T T0
= – 1.615,5 K
T C
H H0 R P
dT
T0 R
CONTOH
Berapa temperatur maksimum yang dapat dicapai oleh reaksi pem-
bakaran gas metana dengan udara yang berlebihan 20%? Udara dan
metana masuk ke burner pada temperatur 25C.
PENYELESAIAN
Reaksi: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
H298 = – 393.509 + (2) (– 241.818) – (– 74.520) = – 802.625 J
Asumsi:
• Reaksi berlangsung sempurna
• Reaksi berlangsung secara adiabatis (Q = 0)
• EK dan EP diabaikan
• WS = 0
Sehingga H = 0
Basis: 1 mol CH4 yang dibakar
0
O2 0,40 mol
=
H
N2 9,03 mol
HP
HP 8,314 43,471 T 298,15 4,751 10 3 T 2 298,15 2
1
0,645 10 5
1
T 298,15
Persamaan neraca energi menjadi:
802.625 8,314 43,471 T 298,15 4,751 10 3 T 2 298,15 2
1
0,645 10 5 1
0
T 298,15
T = 2066,3 K
T f(T)
500 -724035
1000 -514238
2000 -34588.4
2066 -143.422
2066.274 0.033162
CONTOH SOAL
Sebuah boiler menggunakan bahan bakar minyak kualitas tinggi
(hanya berisi hidrokarbon) yang memiliki panas pembakaran standar
– 43.515 J g-1 pada 25C dengan CO2(g) dan H2O(l) sebagai produk.
Temperatur bahan bakar dan minyak masuk ke ruang pembakaran
pada 25C. Udara dianggap kering. Gas hasil pembakaran keluar dari
boiler pada 300C, dan analisis rata-ratanya adalah (basis kering)
11,2% CO2, 0,4% CO, 6,2% O2 dan 82,2% N2. Berapa bagian dari panas
pembakaran yang ditransfer sebagai panas ke boiler?
PENYELESAIAN
Basis: 100 mol gas hasil pembakaran kering:
CO2 11,2 mol
CO 0,4 mol
O2 6,2 mol
N2 82,2 mol
------------------------
Total 100,0 mol
NERACA O2
Masuk:
21
O2 masuk (dalam udara) = 82,2 = 21,85 mol
79
Keluar:
Dalam CO2 = 11,20 mol
Dalam CO = 0,20 mol
O2 sisa = 6,20 mol
---------------------------------------------
Total O2 selain H2O = 17,60 mol
NERACA H2
Keluar:
Sebagai H2O = 8,50 mol
Masuk:
Mol H2 masuk = mol H2 keluar = 8,50 mol
C dan H2 semuanya berasal dari bahan bakar, sehingga total berat
bahan bakar yang masuk adalah
= (11,60) (12) + (8,50) (2) = 156,2 g
0
=
H
O2 6,2 mol
HP
N2 82,2 mol
ni A i 384,142 ni Bi 76,134 10 3
i i
ni Ci 0 ni Di 10,0617 10 5
i
i
1
76,134 10 3 573,15 2 298,15 2 0,645 10 5
1
T 298,15
= 940.660 J
H H298 HP
Maka: H = Q
5.369.080
100% 79,0%
6.797.040
Methane gas is burned completely with
30% excess air at approximately
atmospheric pressure. Both the methane
and the air enter the furnace at 303.15 K
(30°C) saturated with water vapor, and the
flue gases leave the furnace at 1773.15 K
(1500°C). The flue gases then pass
through a heat exchanger from which
they emerge at 323.15 K (50°C).
Per mole of methane, how much heat is
lost from the furnace, and how much heat
is transferred in the heat exchanger?