Professional Documents
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“S”-shaped bone
Medial - sternoclavicular joint
Lateral - acromioclavicular joint and
coracoclavicular ligaments
Muscle attachments:
– Medial: sternocleidomastoid
– Lateral: Trapezius, pectoralis major
AC Joint
Coracoclavicular ligaments
– “Suspensory ligaments of the upper
extremity”
– Two components:
• Trapezoid
• Conoid
– Stronger than AC ligaments
– Provide vertical stability to AC joint
Mechanism of Injury
Palpation
Evaluate pain
Look for instability with stress
Physical Examination
Neurovascular examination
– Must be done thoroughly and documented!
Evaluate upper extremity motor and sensation
Measure shoulder range-of-motion
Radiographic Evaluation
of the Clavicle
Anteroposterior View
Quesana View
– 45-degree angle superiorly and a 45-degree
angle inferiorly
– Provide better assessment of the extent of
displacement
Radiographic Evaluation of the AC
Joint
Zanca View
– AP view centered at AC joint with 10
degree cephalic tilt
– Less voltage than used for AP shoulder
Stress Views of the Distal
Clavicle & AC Joint
S=sternum
C= medial clavicle
E= esophagus
Clavicle Fractures
Classification of Clavicle
Fractures
Courtesy T. Higgins
Nonoperative Treatment Compared with Plate
Fixation of Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures.
A multicenter, randomized clinical trial
132 patients
– 67 ORIF
– 65 sling
Constant and DASH scores significantly improved in ORIF
group.
Time to union 16 vs 28 weeks in favor of ORIF
9 patients in sling group had symptomatic malunion
9 patients in ORIF group had hardware complications
Location of Fracture
– (outer third)
Degree of Displacement
– (marked displacement)
Primary Open Reduction
Principles for the Treatment of
Clavicular Nonunions
Restore length of clavicle
– May need intercalary bone graft
Rigid internal fixation, usually with a plate
Iliac crest bone graft
– Role of bone-graft substitutes not yet defined.
Correction of symptomatic nonunion with IM screw
Clavicular Malunion
Symptoms of pain, fatigue, cosmetic deformity.
Initially treat with strengthening, especially of
scapulothoracic stabilizers.
Consider osteotomy, internal fixation in rare cases in
which nonoperative treatment fails.
Type I-nondisplaced
– Between the CC and
AC ligaments with
ligament still intact
Type III:articular
fractures
Operative treatment
– 100% of fractures healed within 6 to 10 weeks after
surgery
Displaced Type II fractures of the distal
clavicle are often treated more aggressively
because of the increased risk of nonunion
with nonoperative treatment
Techniques for Acute Operative
Treatment of Distal Clavicle Fractures
Pain
Weakness
Deformity
Techniques For Late Surgery For
Distal Clavicle Fractures
Medial Clavicle
Distal Clavicle
Case Example 1
Fixation to Acromion
Coracoclavicular
fixation not visible
Case Example 2
4 months
Case Example 2
2 years
Acromioclavicular Joint
Mechanism
Sports injury or trauma.
Impact to superior acromion, driving the arm
down and rupturing the AC joint capsule
(first) and then the the coracoclavicular
ligaments (second).
Physical Findings
Pain over lateral clavicle / AC joint
May have prominent distal clavicle
May have skin abrasions
Unwilling to lift arm.
Should have full passive ROM of the
shoulder.
Radiographic Evaluation of the
Acromioclavicular Joint
Proper exposure of the AC joint requires one-third to
one-half the x-ray penetration of routine shoulder
views
Initial Views:
– Anteroposterior view
– Zanca view (15 degree cephalic tilt)
Other views:
– Axillary: demonstrates anterior-posterior displacement
– Stress views: not generally relevant for treatment
decisions.
Classification For
Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries
Initially classified by both Allman and Tossy et al.
into three types (I, II, and III).
Rockwood later added types IV, V, and VI, so that
now six types are recognized.
Classified depending on the degree and direction of
displacement of the distal clavicle.
Allman FL Jr. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation.
JBJS 49A: 774-784, 1967.
Rockwood CA Jr and Young DC. Disorders of the acromioclavicular joint, In
Rockwood CA, Matsen FA III: The Shoulder, Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1990, pp.
413-476.
Type I
Sprain of
acromioclavicular
ligament
AC joint intact
Coracoclavicular
ligaments intact
Deltoid and trapezius
muscles intact
“Pseudo-dislocation” through an
intact periosteal sleeve
Physeal injury
Coracoid process fracture
Type IV
AC and CC ligaments
disrupted
AC joint dislocated and
clavicle displaced
posteriorly into or
through the trapezius
muscle
Deltoid and trapezius
muscles detached from
the distal clavicle
From Nuber GW and Bowen MK, JAAOS, 5:11, 1997
Type V
AC ligaments disrupted
CC ligaments disrupted
AC joint dislocated and
gross disparity between
the clavicle and the
scapula (100-300%)
Deltoid and trapezius
muscles detached from
the distal half of clavicle
Pain
Weakness
Deformity
Techniques for Late Surgical
Treatment of Acromioclavicular
Injuries
AP View
Zanca View
Case Example
After Weaver-Dunn
procedure
Sternoclavicular Joint
Diarthrodial Joint
“Saddle shaped”
Poor congruence
Intra-articular disc
ligament. Divides SC
joint into two separate
joint spaces.
Costoclavicular ligament-
(rhomboid ligament)
Short and strong and
consist of an anterior
and posterior
fasciculus
Interclavicular ligament- Connects the
superomedial aspects of each clavicle with the
capsular ligaments and the upper sternum
Capsular ligament- Covers the anterior and
posterior aspects of the joint and represents
thickenings of the joint capsule. The anterior
portion of the ligament is heavier and stronger
than the posterior portion.
Epiphysis of the Medial Clavicle
Medial Physis- Last of the ossification
centers to appear in the body and the last
epiphysis to close.
Does not ossify until 18th to 20th year
Does not unite with the clavicle until the 23rd
to 25th year
Radiographic Techniques for
Assessing Sternoclavicular
Injuries
40-degree cephalic tilt
view
CT scan- Best
technique for
sternoclavicular joint
problems
Abduction traction
Adduction traction
“Towel Clip” - anterior force applied to
clavicle by percutaneously applied towel
clip
Operative techniques
Resection arthroplasty
– May result in instability of remaining
clavicle unless stabilization is done.
– Suggest minimal resection of bone and
fixation of medial clavicle to first rib.
Sternoclavicular reconstruction with suture,
tendon graft.
Literature – For those interested in further review.
Clavicle Fractures
Andersen K; Jensen PO; Lauritzen J. Treatment of clavicular fractures. Figure-of-eight bandage versus a
simple sling. Acta Orthop Scand 1987 Feb;58(1): p71-4.
Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. Nonoperative Treatment Compared with Plate Fixation of
Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures. A multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg
2007;89-A:1-10.
McKee MD, Pedersen EM, Jones C, et al. Deficits following nonoperative treatment of displaced
midshaft clavicular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 2006;88-A:35-40.
Mueller M, Rangger C, Striepens N, Burger C. Minimally Invasive Intramedullary Nailing of Midshaft
Clavicular Fractures Using Titanium Elastic Nails. J Trauma 2008;1528-1534.
Nowak J, Holgersson M, Larsson S. Can we predict long-term sequelae after fractures of the clavicle
based on initial findings? A prospective study with nine to ten years of follow up. J Shoudler Elbow
Surg 2004;13:479-486.
Potter JM, Jones C, Wild LM, Schemitsch EH, McKee MD. Does delay matter? The restoration of
objectively measured shoulder strength and patient-oriented outcome after immediate fixation versus
delayed reconstruction of displaced midshaft fractures of the clavicle. J Shoulder Elbow Surg
2007;16:514-518.
Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, Wakefield AE. Estimating the risk of nonunion
following nonoperative treatment of a clavicular fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86-A:1359-
1365.
Smekal V, Irenberger A, Struve P, Wambacher M, Krappinger D, Kralinger FS. Elastic Stable
Intramedullary Nailing Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Displaced Midshaft Clavicular
Fractures—A Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial. J Orthop Trauma 2009;23:106-112.
Literature – For those interested in further review.