Session 13

Preventive Maintenance
Treatment Timing and
Project Selection

6-1
Session 12 Topics
 Programming preventive maintenance

 Treatment timing considerations

 Other factors affecting project selection

6-2
Learning Outcomes
 Identify tools for incorporating preventive
maintenance treatments into pavement
programs
 Discuss relevant treatment costs
 Calculate cost-effectiveness with provided
data

6-3
Selecting Candidate Projects
for PM Treatments
3. Evaluate data
1. Inventory information
4. Current/projected
2. Current condition pavement needs

6. Conduct cost-
5. Identify feasible
effectiveness
preventive maintenance
analysis
treatments

7.Select “best” treatment 6-4

4-4
Past Approaches to Programming
Actions
 One size fits all

 Whatever we can afford

 Apply band-aids

 Do nothing, followed by worst first

 Preventive maintenance not used efficiently

6-5
More Rational Approaches
 Scheduled maintenance

 Maintenance cycles

 Linking pavement condition and other factors

to treatment selection

 Integrating selection into pavement

6-6
management
Scheduled Maintenance
Example
Utah─High-Volume HMA (≥5,000 ADT)
Treatment Type Timing
 Surface rejuvenation 3rd year
 Surface seal 8th year
 Surface rejuvenation 11th year
 Structural OL and surface seal 15th year
 Surface rejuvenation 18th year
 Surface seal 23rd year
 Surface rejuvenation 26th year
 Structural OL and surface seal 30th year
 Surface rejuvenation 33rd year
 Surface seal 38th year
 Surface rejuvenation 41st year 6-7

 New structure 48th year

Scheduled and Cyclical
Maintenance
 South Dakota
 Crack sealing: 1 year to 2 years
 Chip seal: 3 years
 Montana
 Crack seal: 2 years to 3 years
 Chip seal: 6 years to 8 years and repeat
 Thin overlay: 10 years to 12 years
6-8
Linking Conditions to PM
Treatment Applications
 Agencies perform regular surveys (e.g.,
pavement management)
 Maintenance survey may be done locally, by
district/region
 Needs identified for next construction season
 Considers overall conditions
 If conditions better than threshold, candidate
6-9
for preventive maintenance
Link Between Conditions and
Maintenance Treatments
Seal Coat Slurry Seal Microsurfacing
Traffic
ADT<2,000 R R R
2,000<ADT<5,000 M M R
ADT>5,000 NR NR R
Bleeding R R R
Rutting NR M R
Raveling R R R
Cracking
Few tight cracks R R R
Extensive R NR NR
cracking
Improving Friction Yes Yes Yes
Most Moderately Least
Snow Plow Damage susceptible susceptible susceptible
6-10
 Decision Tree—
Raveling and Weathering
Structural
Condition

Adequate Not Adequate

ADT

<1,000 1,000 – 5,000 >5,000

Fog Seal or Fog Seal or Micro- Not Appropriate

Chip Seal or surfacing
Sand Seal for Preventive
or Ultrathin Maintenance
or Chip Seal Microsurfacing Friction 6-11
Course 6-11
HMA Decision Tree
NSI > 80
RS = HMA OL at $285,000/mile. &
ML1 = maintenance at $5,000/mile
ML2 = maintenance at $15,000/mile PSI > 3
ML3 = maintenance at $120,000/mile
Crack Index ≤ 12
NO YES

Rut Depth ≤ 4 Rut Depth ≤ 4

NO YES NO YES

4 < Rut Depth ≤ 12 4 < Rut Depth ≤ 8

NO YES NO YES

TADT ≤ 500 8 < Rut Depth ≤ 12

NO YES NO YES

5-Year Maint 5-Year Maint 5-Year Maint 5-Year Maint

Cost > $4,000 Cost > $4,000 Cost > $4,000 Cost > $4,000

NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES 6-12

6-12
RS ML3 RS ML2 ML3 RS ML3 RS ML2 ML3 ML1
Class Activity
Developing a Decision Tool

 Pick a pavement type

 Select typical or desired treatments
 Identify criteria that affect feasibility
 Establish decision thresholds for criteria
 Create a decision matrix
6-13
Integration With Pavement
Management Process
Network Inventory Condition Assessment

Feedback
Loop
Database

Output
Performance
Prioritized Models
list of Analysis
projects Treatment List Models
and Treatment
Rules
Constraints 6-14
Step 6. Conduct Cost
Effectiveness Analysis
 Life-cycle costs
 Cost-effectiveness

6-16
Relevant Costs
 Treatment application costs

 ______________________

 ______________________

 ______________________
6-17
Cost Sources

 ______________________

 ______________________

 ______________________

6-18
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Simple Approach

Treatment Life, yrs Cost Annual Cost

Crack seal 2.5 $2,500
Fog seal 1.0 $4,500
Chip seal 4.0 $6,500
Thin overlay 4.0 $20,000
Microsurfacing 3.5 $16,000
Slurry Seal 3.5 $13,000
6-19
6-19
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Simple Approach (continued)

Treatment Life, yrs Cost Annual Cost

Crack seal 2.5 $2,500 $1,000
Fog seal 1.0 $4,500 $4,500
Chip seal 4.0 $6,500 $1,625
Thin overlay 4.0 $20,000 $5,000
Microsurfacing 3.5 $16,000 $4,570
Slurry Seal 3.5 $13,000 $3,710
6-20
6-20
What Is Life Cycle Costing?
 An economic analysis
 Compares design or rehabilitation alternatives
 Considers all significant costs
 Evaluates the alternatives over the same
analysis period
 Analysis approaches
 Deterministic
 Probabilistic
Importance of LCCA
 All costs can be taken into account
 Agency costs
 User costs
 Salvage value
 Alternate strategies can be compared
 On an equivalent basis
 Based on assumptions made
Significance of LCCA
Construction

Rehabilitation

Time
Maintenance
Salvage
Construction

Preventive Rehabilitation
Maintenance

Time
Routine Maintenance
Salvage
Present Worth Method
Takes a series of costs:

And converts costs to one point in time:

$
Equivalent Uniform
Annual Cost Method
Takes a series of costs:

And converts costs to an equivalent

series of payments:
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Inputs to the LCCA Process
 Agency costs
 Initial
 Future M & R
 Analysis Period
 Performance Period
 Nominal vs. Constant Dollars
 Discount Rate
 Salvage Value
 User Costs
Agency Costs
 Initial Construction Costs
 Overhead
 Design
 Future Maintenance and Rehab
 Where do these costs come from?
Analysis Period
 Time period over which future costs are
evaluated
 Length of analysis period
 Long enough to reflect cost differences
 Force use of each rehabilitation alternative
Analysis Period vs.
Performance Period
Analysis Period

2nd Rehab
Performance
Condition

Period

1st Rehab
Performance
Period

Time
Nominal vs. Constant Dollars
 Nominal (inflated) dollars
 Future costs are inflated
 Real (constant) dollars
 Future costs are the same as current costs
 Use consistent dollars and discount rates
in LCCA
Discount Rate
 Time value of money
 $1 today is not worth $1 a year from now due to
interest and inflation
 Significant effect on LCCA
 Should reflect long-term historical trends
 Discount Rate = (Int. – Infl.) / (1 + Infl.)
~ (Int – Infl.)
 Int. = Interest Rate (Treasury note)
 Infl. = Inflation Rate (Consumer Price Index)
 FHWA suggests values in 3 to 5% range
Real Discount Rate

Amount Lost
to Inflation
Real Discount Rates
Source: OMB Circular A-94
Effect of Discount Rate
 Costs occurring earlier are valued more
 Future costs are valued less
 Thus:
 Low rates favor high initial costs and lower
future costs
 High rates favor lower initial costs and higher
future costs
Salvage Value
 Residual Value
 Actual generated value
 e.g. recycling
 Serviceable Life
 Ratio of remaining years to life, times cost
Residual Value Illustrated
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Salvage
20 Analysis Period Value
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
Time
User Costs: A Closer Look
 Traffic delay costs
 Vehicle operating costs
 Crash costs
 Damage to freight
User Costs
 Costs incurred by user over analysis period
 Types:
 User delay costs
 Vehicle operating costs
 Crash costs
 Models available for calculation
(MicroBenCost, QueWZ, HDM-IV)
 May overwhelm overall LCC (particularly on
high volume roadways)
 Should keep separate from other costs
Measures of User Costs
An Indication of Crash Costs
Median Jury Awards for all Traffic Crash Fatalities
%
1992 1995 Change
Adult
$350k $783k +124%
Males
Adult
$195k $525K +179%
Females

Minors $306k $576k +88%

Source: Jury Verdict Research

Probabilistic LCCA
 “Risk-based” analysis
 Addresses variability of inputs
 Inputs needed
 Mean or expected value
 Standard deviation or range
 Type of distribution (typically normal
distribution assumed)
Probabilistic LCC Results
PW Cost Distribution
of Two Alternatives

Frequency
30%

20% A

10%

0%
22
23 $ Millions
Treatment Selection Factors
 Available Funds
 Staged Construction
 Traffic Control
 Lane Closure
 Minimum Desired Life
 Future Maintenance
 Geometric Issues
Treatment Selection Factors
(continued)
 Present and Future Utilities
 Right-of-Way Restrictions
 Regulatory Restrictions
 Available Materials and Equipment
 Contractor Expertise and Manpower
 Agency Policies
Selection Process
 Develop feasible alternatives for evaluation
 Identify key decision factors important to
agency (e.g., cost, service life, traffic control,
duration of construction, etc.)
 Assign weighting values for each decision
factor
 Assign scoring values for each alternative
 Add scores and rank alternatives
Selection Worksheet

Decision Decision Decision Decision

Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4
TOTAL
Weight Weight 1 Weight 2 Weight 3 Weight 4 SCORE

Alt 1

Alt 2

Alt 3

Alt 4
Weighting Factors
 Relative (weighted) importance of factors
considered in selection process
 Number and types of factors will vary
 Should reflect an agency’s decision
process
 Sum of all weighting factors must equal
100
Scoring Factors
 Feasible treatments scored comparatively
against weighting factors
 e.g., lowest cost gets highest rating
 Somewhat subjective process
 Based on agency’s own experience
 Use whatever scale is appropriate (1-5, 1-
10, 1-100, etc.)
Computing Scores
 Product of rating factor and scoring factor
 Computed for each treatment
 Treatment with highest total score is
considered the “best” treatment for the
specific project
Example Selection Worksheet

Service Traffic Reliable

LCC Life Control Design
TOTAL
Weight 50% 25% 15% 10% SCORE
Alt 1 60 50 80 50 59.50
30 12.5 12 5
Alt 2 50 75 70 70 61.25
25 18.75 10.5 7
Alt 3 40 75 60 80 55.75
20 18.75 9 8
Alt 4 30 100 50 90 56.50
15 25 7.5 9
Review
 What are some of the key computation
variables in a life-cycle cost analysis?
 What are some major LCCA cost items for
both the agency and the user?
 How does probabilistic LCCA differ from
deterministic LCCA?
 What are some treatment selection factors
other than costs?
Group Activity
Select preventive maintenance treatments
for projects to meet identified objectives.

Information provided:
 Project background and description

 Treatment unit costs

= 25 min
 Expected treatment life

 Pavement life extension

6-52
Review of
Learning Outcomes
 Identify tools for incorporating preventive
maintenance treatments into pavement
programs
 Discuss relevant treatment costs
 Calculate cost-effectiveness with provided
data

6-53
West Lafayette, Indiana