Introduction: Wind energy

Wind mills
Wind turbine: 1st 1891?
Offshore: world first offshore wind farm, Denmark 1991, 5MW
Onshore
Offshore wind energy: History
• the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to
generate electricity from wind
• Europe is the world leader in offshore wind power,
• the first offshore wind farm (Vindeby) being installed in Denmark in
1991
 Installed offshore wind capacity
• (total 14,384MW)(GWEC) Only 2% of the total installed wind capacity.
• 2,219MW installed in 2016
• Europe dominated (1,567MW) of seven wind farms.
• UK(write other euro countries)
• In Asia, China total to 1,627MW as of the end of 2016.
• South Korea (35MW) and Japan (60MW)
• USA
Available Potential
• 47% do not have offshore
wind power capacity
• wind class 7: the highest
share of offshore
Off shore turbines concept
Jdl
Challenges and Risks
• High Cost of energy (relative to onshore)
• technical challenges regarding installation and grid interconnection
• No ease of construction
• Maintenance access
• OWF can be expensive & difficult to build & maintain
Why offshore? Comparison
• Offshore wind speeds tend to be faster and steadier than on land.
• more uniform (softer)> less turbulence effects> less fatigue>increase
the lifetime of the offshore wind turbine generator
• offshore turbine to be mounted lower than the equivalent onshore
machine
• from the bigger suitable free areas in the sea, leading to greater
installations
• to reduce the environmental regarding the noise emission,
Prospect of offshore wind energy in pakistan
• Effects of offshore wind farms on marine animals and birds are not
fully understoodnecessity of a more developed offshore wind farms
technology
• limited roughness of the sea
longersurface
electrical networks
• disadvantage is the cost of the permitting and engineering process,
and of the construction and operation phases
• steady cost reduction pathway with expected costs of €100/MWh by
2020 and €85 to €79/MWh by 2025